renal/reproductive

Question 1

what is type of nephron are the majority

Answer 1

cortical

Question 2

what type of nephron are the minority

Answer 2

juxtamedullary

Question 3

function of glomerular capillaries

Answer 3

where filtration of blood occurs

Question 4

function of peritubular capillaries

Answer 4

carry away substances reabsorbed from filtrate

Question 5

what is the filtration fraction

Answer 5

20% of plasma

Question 6

how many liters of filtrate are reabsorbed in a day

Answer 6

180 L/day

Question 7

what do the fenestrations of the glomerular endothelial cell do

Answer 7

prevents filtration of blood cells

Question 8

what does the basal lamina of glomerulus do

Answer 8

prevents filtration of larger proteins

Question 9

what doe slit membrane between pedicels do

Answer 9

prevents filtration of medium sized proteins

Question 10

what are the 2 mechanisms of autoregulation of the GFR

Answer 10

myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback

Question 11

what is the myogenic mechanism

Answer 11

when blood pressure stretches’ the afferent arteriole, smooth muscle contractions reduce the diameter

Question 12

what is the tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 12

high bp causes Na and Cl not to be reabsorbed, macula densa detects this,, inhbits nitric oxide, afferent arterioles constrict, reduce gfr

Question 13

with moderate sympathetic stimulation what happens to gfr

Answer 13

decreases slightly

Question 14

what happens to gfr with extreme sympathetic stimualtion

Answer 14

decreases substantially

Question 15

what are the two hormones that contribute to the regulation of the GFR

Answer 15

ANP and angiotensin II

Question 16

what does anp do

Answer 16

increases gfr

Question 17

what does angiotensin ii do

Answer 17

reduces gfr by vasoconstriction

Question 18

what is the concentration of fluid in the renal corpuscle

Answer 18

300 mOsm/liter, isotonic to blood

Question 19

what part of the renal tubule does the most reabsorption

Answer 19

the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 20

what is secreted during tubular secretion

Answer 20

H+ and NH4+, creatine, K+

Question 21

what is paracellular reabsorption

Answer 21

when solutes move between cells

Question 22

what is transcellular reabsorption

Answer 22

when solutes move through the apical and basal membranes

Question 23

what is obligatory water reabsorption

Answer 23

when water is following solutes through diffusion

Question 24

what is facultative water reabsorption

Answer 24

water moves in collecting duct due to ADH

Question 25

what do Na+ symporters help reabsorb in the PCT

Answer 25

glucose, amino acids, lactic acids, water soluable vitamins

Question 26

what is the renal threshold of glucose

Answer 26

200 mg/dL

Question 27

what is the concentration of blood at the end of the PCT

Answer 27

300 mOsm/L

Question 28

what is the concentration of blood at the end of the loop of henle

Answer 28

100-150 mOsm/L

Question 29

what are the two types of cells in the DCT and collecting duct

Answer 29

principal and intercalated cells

Question 30

what do principal cells do

Answer 30

reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium

Question 31

what do intercalated cells

Answer 31

reabsorb potassium and bicarb and screte h+

Question 32

what does ADH do to make concentrated urine

Answer 32

stimulates symporters in thick limb of ascending loop of henle, facultative water reabsorption, urea cycling

Question 33

what is countercurrent multiplication

Answer 33

a process that increases the osmotic gradient in the if of the renal medulla

Question 34

what is countercurrent exchange

Answer 34

process that allows solvents to be reabsorbed into blood and O2 delivery to cells

Question 35

what is the descending loop of henle permeable to

Answer 35

permeable to water but impermeable to solutes

Question 36

what is the ascending limb of loop of henle permeable to

Answer 36

impermeable to water but permeable to solutes

Question 37

late dct and collecting duct what is it permeable to

Answer 37

water only in the presense of ADH

Question 38

what are the three sex glands in males

Answer 38

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland

Question 39

what do sertoli cells do

Answer 39

nurse cells, support sperm production,

Question 40

what do leydig cells do

Answer 40

testosterone producers

Question 41

what is spermiation

Answer 41

release of mature spermatozoa from sertoli cells

Question 42

what is capacitation

Answer 42

final maturation of sperm in the uterine tract

Question 43

What does LH do in males

Answer 43

stimulates test prod by leydig cells

Question 44

what does FSH do in males

Answer 44

acts on sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis

Question 45

what hormone does a follicle release

Answer 45

estradiol

Question 46

what is the stratum functionalis

Answer 46

shed during menstration

Question 47

what is the stratum basalis

Answer 47

replaces stratum functionalis each uterine cycle

Question 48

what is the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

Answer 48

endometrial glands secrete special mucus in repsonse to progesterone and estrogen to prepare for pregnancy

Question 49

what happens in the uterus during menstrural phase

Answer 49

declining levels of progesterone cause an end to menstration, stratum functionalis layer sloughed off

Question 50

what happens in the ovary during the menstrual phase

Answer 50

the follicles begin secreting estrogen, fluid is fillin antrum

Question 51

what happens in ovary during preovulatory phase

Answer 51

follicular secretion of estrogen and inhibin slowed down secretion of FSH, increasing levels of estrogen trigger LH

Question 52

what happens in the uterus during the preovulatory phase

Answer 52

increasing estrogen levels have repaired the stratum functionalis

Question 53

what hormonal changes happen during ovulation

Answer 53

high levels of estrogen from mature follicles stimulate release of LH and gnrh, LH surge brings ovulation

Question 54

what happens in the ovary during the postovulatory stage

Answer 54

if fertilazation doesnt occur, corpus albicans is formed, if it does, embryo secretes hCG

Question 55

happens in the uterus during the postovulatory

Answer 55

hormones from courpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium

Question 56

what does fsh do in females

Answer 56

growth of follicles that secrete estrogen

Question 57

what does LH do in females

Answer 57

stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

Question 58

what does progesterone do

Answer 58

prepares uterus for implantation and mammary gland for milk secretion

Question 59

what does relaxin do

Answer 59

facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus

Question 60

what does inhibin do

Answer 60

inhibits secretion of FSH

Question 61

how long is the germinal stage

Answer 61

first two weeks after fertilization

Question 62

how long is the embryonic stage

Answer 62

weeks 3 thru 8

Question 63

what is the stages of development in the germinal stage

Answer 63

zygote, morula, blastocyst

Question 64

what is the blastocyst called after implantation

Answer 64

embryo