Respiratory/Immune

Question 1

what is external respiration

Answer 1

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood

Question 2

what is internal respiration

Answer 2

gas exchange between capillary blood and the cells in tissue

Question 3

where does the conducting zone end

Answer 3

terminal bronchioles

Question 4

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the right lung have

Answer 4

10

Question 5

how many bronchopulmonary segments does the left lung have

Answer 5

8

Question 6

what does each terminal bronchiole supply

Answer 6

one lung lobule

Question 7

what type of alveolar cell make up 97% of an alveoli

Answer 7

type 1 alveolar cells

Question 8

what type of alveolar cells make up 3% of an alveoli

Answer 8

type 2 alveolar cells

Question 9

what is nutritional flow

Answer 9

when the lung tissue receivesoxygenated blood form the bronchial arteries, which branch off from the aorta

Question 10

what is pulmonary flow

Answer 10

the pulmonary arteries supply the lung capillaries which turn into the pulmonary vein

Question 11

how does the diaphram help inspiration

Answer 11

stretches the thoracic cavity longwise

Question 12

how do external intercostal muscles help inspiration

Answer 12

move ribs up and outward expanding the ribcage

Question 13

how does the sternoclamatoid muscle help inspiration

Answer 13

elevates the sternum

Question 14

how do the scalenes help inspiration

Answer 14

elevate the top two ribs

Question 15

how do the internal intercostal muscles help expiration

Answer 15

muscles pull ribs downward & inward, reducing the diameter of the rib cage

Question 16

how do abdominal muscles help expiration

Answer 16

depress the lower ribs and elevate the diaphragm by increasing abdominal pressure

Question 17

when does inspiration occur

Answer 17

when pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure in the atmosphere, P lung < P atmosphere

Question 18

when does expiration occur

Answer 18

occurs when pressure in the lungs is higher than the pressure in the atmosphere, P lung > P atmosphere

Question 19

what is transpulmonary pressure

Answer 19

The pressure difference between the pressure inside the alveoli and the pressure outside the lungs in the pleural cavity

Question 20

what are the 2 ways that O2 is transported in the blood

Answer 20

dissolved in the plasma and bound to hemoglobin

Question 21

what is a Bohr shift

Answer 21

a shift in the oxy-hemo curve to right, due to low blood ph, increased blood PCO2, and increased temperature

Question 22

what is hypoxia

Answer 22

inadequate oxygen at the tissue level

Question 23

what is anemia

Answer 23

lowered ability of blood to carry oxygen because of low hemoglobin

Question 24

what is hypoxemia

Answer 24

low blood O2 due to low hemoglobin saturation

Question 25

what are the three methods of CO2 transportation

Answer 25

in plasma as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin, disolved in plasma

Question 26

what is the name of the group of inspiratory neurons

Answer 26

DRG, dorsal respiratory group

Question 27

what is the name of the group of expiratory neurons

Answer 27

VRG, ventral respiratory group

Question 28

Are the expiratory neurons active during rest

Answer 28

no

Question 29

what are the two centers of the pontine respiratory group

Answer 29

apneuistic center, and pnuemotaxic center

Question 30

what does the apneuistic center do

Answer 30

stimulates the DRG

Question 31

what does the pnuemotaxic center do

Answer 31

fine tunes breathing, inhibits DRG

Question 32

What do pulomary stretch receptors respond to

Answer 32

responds when bronchioles are inflated or stretched

Question 33

What do central Chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 33

low pH and high CO2 in CSF in brain

Question 34

what do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 34

respond to low O2 levels in blood

Question 35

what are the primary lymphatic organs

Answer 35

red bone marrow and thymus

Question 36

what are lymph nodes

Answer 36

small swellings where lymph if filtered, found at irregular intervals

Question 37

what is innate immunity

Answer 37

the body's first line of defense, non specific

Question 38

what are physical barriers

Answer 38

skin, mucous membranes, hairs and cilia, acid, tears

Question 39

what is a fever

Answer 39

when the body's thermostat is set upwards in repsonse to a pyrogen

Question 40

what si inflammation

Answer 40

the bodily repsonse to when tissues are damaged

Question 41

what are the 4 signs of acute inflammation

Answer 41

redness, heat,swelling, and pain

Question 42

what are the three phagocytic white blood cells

Answer 42

neutrophils, eosionophil, monocyte

Question 43

what are natural killer cells

Answer 43

special class of T cells which perform generalized functions such as kill tumor cells and infected cells

Question 44

how to NKC kill

Answer 44

by cytolysis, they secrete perforin

Question 45

what are the two antimicrobial proteins

Answer 45

interferons and complement proteins

Question 46

how do interferons work

Answer 46

virus infected cells release interferons which bind to a non infected cell causing the release of anti viral proteins

Question 47

what do complement proteins do

Answer 47

Form MAC attacks that punch holes in the membrane of intruders

Question 48

what is one feature about adaptive immunity

Answer 48

tolerance for self proteins and specificity for particular foreign molecules

Question 49

what is another feature about adaptive immunity

Answer 49

memory of past foreign molecules

Question 50

where do b cells mature

Answer 50

in bone marrow

Question 51

where do t cells mature

Answer 51

thymus

Question 52

how many amino acids in a sequence are needed to distinguish bacteria from human protein

Answer 52

8

Question 53

what are residual bodies

Answer 53

the remnants of a pathogen after a phagocyte has eaten them

Question 54

what are MHC proteins

Answer 54

they display antigens to the immune system

Question 55

what kind of antigen does MHC 2 protein present

Answer 55

extracellular, proteins digested by phagocytes

Question 56

what kind of cell interacts with the antigen found on MHC 2 proteins

Answer 56

helper t cells

Question 57

what kind of antigen does MHC 1 present

Answer 57

intracellular proteins by random sampling

Question 58

what kind of cell interacts with the antigen presented MHC 1 proteins

Answer 58

cytotoxic t cells

Question 59

what kind of cells present antigen with the MHC 1 protein

Answer 59

all nucleated cells

Question 60

what is the the only kind of cell that can interact with MHC 1 proteins

Answer 60

T CELL

Question 61

helper t cells are aka

Answer 61

CD4

Question 62

cytotoxic t cells are aka

Answer 62

CD8

Question 63

a complete antigen has which two properties

Answer 63

immunogenicity and reactivity