EXAM 5

Question 1

which ion is greater concentrated on the inside of the cell

Answer 1

K

Question 2

which ion is greater concentrated on the outside of the cell

Answer 2

Na

Question 3

what is the intracellular concentration of Na

Answer 3

10 mM

Question 4

what is the extracellular concentration of Na

Answer 4

140 mM

Question 5

what is the intracellular concentration of K

Answer 5

140 mM

Question 6

what is the extracellular concentration of K

Answer 6

2.5 mM

Question 7

which ion is permeable across the membrane

Answer 7

K

Question 8

what is the resting membrane potential

Answer 8

-70 mV

Question 9

does ATPase pump Na in or out of the cell

Answer 9

Out

Question 10

does ATPase pump K in or out of the cell

Answer 10

in

Question 11

how many Na and K are pumped in and out of the cell

Answer 11

3 Na out, 2 K in

Question 12

what kind of ion channels are located in the cell body and dendrites

Answer 12

ligand or mechanically gated

Question 13

what kind of ion channels are located in the axons of the neuron

Answer 13

voltage gated ion channels

Question 14

how are ligand channels in the dendrites opened or closed

Answer 14

by neurotransmitter binding or mechanosensation

Question 15

how are voltage gated channels in the axons opened or closed

Answer 15

by membrane depolarization 21
what is the importance of refractory periods

establish rate of ap propogation and ensure forward propogation of ap

22
1

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Question 16

first step in generating an action potential

Answer 16

local changes in the cells membrane potential (graded potentials) either hyperpolarize or depolarize

Question 17

where do graded potential occur

Answer 17

in the dendrites and cell bodies

Question 18

second step in action potential generation

Answer 18

at the axon hillock, when depolarized to the threshhold value, a population of Na+ voltage gated channels will open, as Na enters, the cell becomes more depolarized causing an action potential to form

Question 19

3rd step in generation of an action potential

Answer 19

After Na channels open, they close right after

Question 20

4th step in generation of an action potential

Answer 20

depolarization also causes K voltage gated channels to open, this causes the membrane potential to get negative again

Question 21

what is the importance of refractory periods

Answer 21

establish rate of ap propagation and ensure forward propagation of ap

Question 22

1st step of synaptic transmission

Answer 22

ap arrives at the end of synaptic end bulb of presynaptic neuron

Question 23

2nd step of synaptic transmission

Answer 23

ap opens Ca voltage gated channels

Question 24

3rst step of synaptic transmission

Answer 24

Ca causes synaptic vessicles to fuse with membrane

Question 25

4th step of synaptic transmission

Answer 25

neurotransmitters diffuse across membrane and bind to receptors on post syn neuron

Question 26

5th step of synaptic transmission

Answer 26

neurtransmitters binding cause ion movement across membrane either excitatory or inhibitory

Question 27

what cells detect odors

Answer 27

olfactory receptor cells

Question 28

what produces mucus in the nose for chemosensation

Answer 28

olfactory glands

Question 29

what is the function of supporting cells (olfaction)

Answer 29

provide physical and functional support

Question 30

what do basal cells do in olfaction

Answer 30

are stem cells for olfactory receptor cells

Question 31

what does cranial nerve I synapse with in the olfactory bulb

Answer 31

mitral cells

Question 32

what is the olfaction sensory pathway

Answer 32

olfactory bulb ---> Primary olfactory area in cerebral cortex area in the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex for conscious perception of smell

Question 33

what are the three types of taste buds

Answer 33

vallate fungiform and filliform

Question 34

which papillae has the most tastebuds

Answer 34

vallate

Question 35

what are the specialized sensory cells for gustation

Answer 35

gustatory receptor cells

Question 36

what is the gustatory pathway

Answer 36

gustatory nucleus in the medulla --> axons carry signal to thalamus and hypothalamus --> primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of cerebral cortex

Question 37

what makes up the fibrous tunic

Answer 37

cornea and sclera

Question 38

what makes up the vascular tunic

Answer 38

choroid, iris, ciliary body

Question 39

what makes up the neural tunic

Answer 39

retina

Question 40

what is the function of the cornea

Answer 40

Admits and refracts (bends) light

Question 41

what is the function of the sclera

Answer 41

Provides shape and protects inner parts.

Question 42

what is the function of the iris

Answer 42

regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

Question 43

what is the function of the ciliary body

Answer 43

Secretes aqueous humor and alters shape of lens for near or far vision

Question 44

what is the function of the choroid

Answer 44

Provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light.

Question 45

what is the function of the retina

Answer 45

Receives light and converts it into receptor potentials and nerve impulses. Output to brain via axons of ganglion cells, which form optic (II) nerve.

Question 46

what is the function of the lens

Answer 46

refracts lights

Question 47

what is the function of the anterior cavity

Answer 47

Contains aqueous humor that helps maintain shape of eyeball and supplies oxygen and nutrients to lens and cornea.

Question 48

what is the function of the posterior cavity

Answer 48

Contains vitreous body that helps maintain shape of eyeball and keeps retina attached to choroid

Question 49

in which case does the image fall behind the retina

Answer 49

hyperopia

Question 50

in which case does the image fall in front of the retina

Answer 50

myopia

Question 51

what is hyperopia

Answer 51

farsightedness, short eyeball

Question 52

what is myopia

Answer 52

nearsightedness, long eyeball