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PSIO 201 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

long shaft or body of bone

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2
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

proximal and distal ends of a bone

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3
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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4
Q

where are the epiphysial plates found

A

in the metaphysis

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5
Q

what is the name of the cartilage that covers the epiphysis at joints.

A

articular cartilage

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6
Q

what is the periosteum

A

tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bones.

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum

A
  1. outer fibrous layer

2. inner osteogenic layers

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8
Q

what is the medullary cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space in the bone that hold yellow marrow

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9
Q

what is the endosteum

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity

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10
Q

what two chemicals make up hydroxyapatite

A

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

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11
Q

how do bones calcify

A

minerals calcify around collagen fibers

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12
Q

what type of strength does collagen fibers provide

A

tensile strength

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13
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

unspecialized bone cells derived from mesenchyme.

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14
Q

What type of cells to osteogenic cells specialize intio

A

osteoblasts

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15
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone building cells, synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and minerals to build ECM.

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16
Q

what type of cells to do osteoblasts become

A

osteocytes

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17
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells, main cells in bone tissue and help maintain tis normal metabolism.

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18
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

break done bone cells, found in endosteum

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19
Q

what is is stronger spongy bone or compact bone

A

compact bone

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20
Q

what is the structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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21
Q

what are concentric lamellae

A

circular plates of ECM, run parallel to the bone

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22
Q

what are lacunae

A

small spaces between the concentric lamellae

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23
Q

what are canaliculi

A

fingerlike projections of osteocytes

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24
Q

does spongy bone contain osteons

A

no

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25
what are the web like projections found in spongy bone
trabeculae
26
what bones are mostly made up of spongy bone tissue
short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular bones
27
in what type of bone formation does the bone form directly from the mesenchyme
intramembranous ossification
28
what part of the body is mostly made through intra ossification
the skull
29
what happens during "the development of ossification center" (IM)
at site where bones develop, mesenchyme cells cluster and differentiate first into osteoprogenitor cells and then into osteoblasts.
30
what happens in calcification (IM)
secretion of ECM stops. Osteocytes lie in lacunae that spread into cuniculi. Ca and other minerals are deposited calcifying the ECM.
31
what happens in formation of trabeculae (IM)
form trabeculae and red bone marrow
32
what happens in development of periosteum (IM)
mesenchyme condenses at periphery of bone and forms periosteum
33
what is endochondral ossification
replacement of cartilage by bone
34
what types of bones are formed by ECO
most of the bones in the body
35
What happens in development of cartilage model
mesenchyme crowds together to form shape of future bone and develop into chondroblasts. Chondroblasts secret cartilage ECM and make cartilage model made of hyaline cartilage.
36
interstitial growth grows in which direction
lengthwise
37
appositional growth grows in which direction
widthwise
38
what happens in development of primary ossification center
proceeds inward from external surface of bone, nutrient artery penetrates the perichondrium thru a nutrient foramen, stimulating osteoprogenitor cells in the perichondrium to differentiate into osteoblasts. primary ossification center forms and spreads towards the ends of the bones.
39
Development of medullary cavity
osteoclasts break down spongy bone in center and forms medullary cavity.
40
development of secondary ossification center
occurs in the epiphyses of bones. Proceeds outward rather than inwards. no medullary cavity.
41
formation of articular cartilage and growth plate
hyaline cartilage that surrounds outside of epiphysis turns into articular cartilage
42
growth in length of a bone
growth of cartilage on epiphysial side of epiphysis, replacement of cartilage by bone of diaphyseal side of cartilage by endochondral ossification.
43
what is the order of cartilage in epiphyseal plate
1. zone of resting cartilage 2. zone of proliferating cartilage 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. zone of calcified cartilage
44
zone of resting cartilage
most upper level, small scattered chondrocytes
45
zone of proliferating cartilage
larger chondrocytes stacked like coins, divide to replace dead chondrocytes below.
46
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
large chondrocytes arranged in columns
47
zone of calcified cartilage
few cells thick, dead chondrocytes, osteocytes dissolve calcified cartilage and osteoblasts go in and create bone.
48
when finished growing what does the epiphyseal plate become
epiphyseal line
49
what are the three types of joints that are classified by structure
1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial
50
what are the three joints classified by mobility
1. synarthrosis 2. amphiarthrosis 3. diarthrosis
51
which joint is immovable
synarthrosis
52
what type of joint is slightly moveable
amphiarthrosis
53
what type of joint is freely moveable
diarthrosis
54
three types of synarthrosis
1. suture 2. gomphosis 3. synchondrosis
55
three types of amphiarthroses
1. syndemosis 2. interosseous membrane 3. symphosis
56
all diarthrosis are what type of joint
synovial
57
types of diarthrosis
1. gliding joint 2. hinge joint 3. pivot joint 4. condyloid joint 5. saddle joint 6. ball and socket joint
58
reactive phase of fractures
fracture hematoma forms, osteoclasts dissolve dead bone tissue
59
reparative phase pt 1 of fractures
fibrocartilaginous callus forms it is made up of collagen fibers that bridge broken pieces.
60
reparative phase pt 2 of fractures
fibrocartilaginous callus turns into spongy bone by osteoblasts. Now it is called the bony callus.
61
Bone remodeling phase of fractures
bony callus turns into real bone, and compact bone forms periphery.
62
Which hormone increases blood Ca levels
parathyroid hormone
63
which hormone decreases blood Ca levels
calcitonin
64
what is rickets
child disease that results in soft and rubbery bones
65
what is osteomalacia
adult counterpart of rickets results from inadequate calcification of extracellular bone matrix.
66
two types of arthritis
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
67
what is bone modeling
construction, bone formed by osteoblasts without prior resorption
68
bone remodeling
occurs when bone is resorped by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts
69
what are the organic compounds of bone ecm
ground substance and collagen fibers type 1
70
what are the inorganic components of bone ecm
water and hydroxy apatite
71
outer layer of periosteum has what
dense irregular tissue
72
inner layer of periosteum contains
inner osteogenic layer
73
what is the top bone of sternum called
manubrium
74
middle part of the sternum is called what
the body
75
the lower bone of the sternum is called what
xyphoid process
76
how many pairs of true ribs are there
7
77
which ribs are false ribs
8-12
78
which ribs are floating ribs
11 and 12
79
what is the active form of vitamin d
calcitriol
80
where is calcitrol made
the kidneys
81
what does calcitriol do
increases blood Ca levels

PSIO 201 (8 decks)

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