Flashcards in Endocrine Physiology Deck (32)
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1
What is the endocrine system responsible for?
homeostasis
2
What 6 things are regulated by the endocrine system?
- growth
- development
- reproduction
- blood pressure
- concentrations of substances in blood
- behavior
3
What are the 9 classical endocrine glands?
- hypothalamus
- anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenal cortex
- adrenal medulla
- gonads
- placenta
- pancreas
4
What are the 3 classes of hormones?
- peptides and proteins
- steroids
- amines
5
What are peptides and proteins synthesized from?
amino acids
6
Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of peptide hormones
1) DNA is transcribed into mRNA
2) mRNA is translated on the ribosomes to the first protein product, a prepohormone
3) the signal peptide is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum, converting the perpohormone to a prohormone
4) the prohormone is transferred to the Golgi apparatus
5) the final hormone is stored in secretory vesicles until the endocrine cell is stimulated
7
Steroid hormones are synthesized and secreted by what 4 endocrine glands?
- the adrenal cortex
- gonads
- corpus luteum
- placenta
8
All steroid hormones are derivatives of what?
cholesterol
9
What are the 6 steroid hormones?
- cortisol
- aldosterone
- estradiol and astriol
- progesterone
- testosterone
- 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
10
What are amine hormones derivatives of?
tyrosine
11
What are the 4 amine hormones?
- catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
- thyroid hormones
12
Adjustments in secretion of hormones is accomplished via what?
neural or feedback mechanisms
13
Neural mechanisms are illustrated by what?
By the secretion of catecholamines into the circulation
14
Which mechanism is more common?
feedback mechanisms
15
What are the 2 types of feedback mechanisms?
Negative and Positive
16
Which type of feedback is the most important and common mechanism for regulating hormone secretion?
negative feedback
17
What does negative feedback mean in endocrine systems?
That some feature of hormone activity action, directly or indirectly, inhibits further secretion of the hormone
18
What is the net result of any version of feedback?
When hormone levels are judged to be adequate or high, further secretion of the hormone is inhibited.
When hormone levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of the hormone is stimulated
19
What is an example of negative feedback?
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis
20
Is positive feedback very common?
No
21
What is the basis of positive feedback?
Some feature of hormone action causes more secretion of the hormone
22
What are a couple examples of positive feedback?
- the opening of Na+ channels during the upstroke of an AP
- oxytocin
23
Negative feedback is self-_____, whereas positive feedback is self-_____.
limiting
augmenting
24
The responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone is expressed via what relationship?
the dose-response relationship
25
Describe the dose-response relationship
The magnitude of a hormone response is correlated with hormone concentration
26
As hormone concentration increases, the response usually ______ and does what?
increases and then levels off
27
What is sensitivity?
The hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response
28
If more hormone is required to produce 50% of the maximal response, than there has been a _____ in sensitivity of the target tissue.
decrease
29
What are 2 ways in which sensitivity can be altered?
- by changing the number of receptors
- by changing the affinity of the receptors for the hormone
30
