endocrine system

Question 1

what is hypersecretion?

Answer 1

too much hormone secreted

Question 2

what is hyposecretion?

Answer 2

too little hormone secreted

Question 3

hormones are secreted by what?

Answer 3

specialised ductless glands or neurones

Question 4

The 2 divisions of the endocrine system?

Answer 4

Central system
Peripheral system

Question 5

3 parts of the central endocrine system?

Answer 5

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland

Question 6

4 parts of the peripheral endocrine system?

Answer 6

thyroid glands
adrenal glands
endocrine pancreas
parathyroid glands

Question 7

example of amines and amino acid hormones?

Answer 7

NA (noradrenaline) DA (dopamine) T4 (thyroxine)

Question 8

examples of polypeptide, protein and glycoprotein hormones?

Answer 8

TRH ADH GH FSH

Question 9

examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 9

cortisol, testosterone, estradiol (estrogen), progesterone

Question 10

2 pathways of hormone synthesis?

Answer 10

vesicle-mediated pathway
non-vesicle mediated pathway

Question 11

where are vesicle-mediated synthesised?

Answer 11

in rough endoplasmic reticulum
packaged in vesicle

Question 12

where are non-vesicle mediated synthesised?

Answer 12

in smooth endoplasmic reticulum
directly released

Question 13

which class of hormones are free & unbound?

Answer 13

amine/amino acid/peptide hormones

Question 14

which class of hormones are protein-career bound?

Answer 14

steroid and thyroid hormones

Question 15

types of pattern of secretion?

Answer 15

pulsatile/cyclical
diurnal/circadian rhythm

Question 16

2 types of hormonal receptors?

Answer 16

cell surface
intracellular or nuclear

Question 17

2 forms of abnormal target cell responsiveness?

Answer 17

receptor down regulation (hypo responsiveness)
receptor up regulation (hyper responsiveness)

Question 18

where are hypothalamus and pituitary located?

Answer 18

in the diencephalon

Question 19

the 2 lobes of the pituitary glands?

Answer 19

anterior (adenohypophysis)
posterior (neurohypophysis)

Question 20

what happens at anterior pituitary?

Answer 20

6 major hormones secreted and released

Question 21

what happens at posterior pituitary?

Answer 21

2 hormones stored and released

Question 22

what does the hypothalamus act as?

Answer 22

neuroendocrine transducer

Question 23

types of anterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 23

GH, FSH, LH, PRL, TSH, ACTH

Question 24

types of posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 24

vasopressin (ADH) , oxytocin

Question 25

what hormone does pineal gland secrete?

Answer 25

melatonin

Question 26

what stimulates melatonin production?

Answer 26

suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN
‘biological clock’

Question 27

the 2 distinct cell types of the thyroid gland?

Answer 27

follicular cells
parafollicular/ C cells

Question 28

what do the follicular cells (major cells of thyroid gland) secrete?

Answer 28

2 iodine containing hormones
thyroxine (T4)
T3

Question 29

what do C cells secrete?

Answer 29

calcitonin

Question 30

functions of thyroid hormone?

Answer 30

normal growth and CNS development
metabolic rate and heat production
intermediary metabolism
sympathetic activity

Question 31

the 2 distinct secretory organs of the adrenal glands?

Answer 31

outer adrenal cortex
inner adrenal medulla

Question 32

what does the outer cortex secrete?

Answer 32

3 types of steroid hormones
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex hormones

Question 33

what does the inner medulla secrete?

Answer 33

catecholamines (dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline)

Question 34

example of a mineralocorticoid and what it does?

Answer 34

aldosterone
-maintain Na/K balance and extracellular fluid volume

Question 35

example of a glucocorticoid and what it does?

Answer 35

cortisol
- regulation of metabolism
- adaptation to stress
- anti-inflammatory & immunosuppressive

Question 36

example of a sex hormone and what it does?

Answer 36

DHEA
- minor effects on reproductive function

Question 37

examples of catecholamines and function?

Answer 37

adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine
- fight or flight responses

Question 38

3 types of secretory cells of endocrine pancreas?

Answer 38

alpha cells - glucagon
beta cells - insulin
delta cells - somatostatin