endocrine system Flashcards
1
Q
endocrine system impacts
A
reproduction, growth, tissue maintenance/repair and energy metabolism
2
Q
major endocrine system organs
A
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovary, placenta, testes
3
Q
two organs that have functions outside of endocrine system
A
hypothalamus, pancreas
4
Q
hypothalamus
A
coordinates autonomic NS, governs endocrine system via pituitary gland
5
Q
the hypothalamus directs maintenance activities for homeostasis including
A
hunger, thirst, body temp, sleep, emotional response
6
Q
pancreas
A
secrete digestive enzymes into the small intestine for macronutrient break down
7
Q
pancreas produces
A
insulin, glucagon
8
Q
the endocrine system also regulates physiological actions that manage
A
eustress and distress
9
Q
eustress
A
positive, desirable form of stress that
10
Q
eustress source examples
A
exercise, working toward obtainable goal
11
Q
distress
A
negative form of stress
12
Q
distress source examples
A
excessive stress or forms which fail to improve well-being; anxiety, lack of sleep
13
Q
eustress: ____ hormones
A
anabolic
14
Q
distress: ____ hormones
A
catabolic
15
Q
anabolic hormones increase (5)
A
neural efficiency
vascular compliance
O2 extraction
cardiac function
musculoskeletal integrity and function
16
Q
catabolic hormones increase (5)
A
platelet adhesion
cortisol production
LDL and triglycerides
susceptibility to low grade inflammation
loss of protein-sparing mehanisms
17
Q
hormones are released by ______ to direct the actions of other tissues via _____
A
endocrine glands, chemical messages
18
Q
hormones fall into two categories
A
steroid, polypeptide
19
Q
steroid hormones
A
cholesterol based compounds
20
Q
steroid hormone functions
A
sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammation regulation and metabolism
21
Q
examples of steroid hormones
A
cortisol, estrogen, testosterone
22
Q
polypeptide hormones
A
chains of amino acids synthesized with endocrine cells that attach to membrane receptors on cells to activate secondary messenger systems
23
Q
examples of polypeptide hormones
A
insulin and glucagon
24
Q
hormones travel through ____ and are picked up by _____
A
blood, receptor cells on target tissues
25
the pituitary gland regulates ____ hormones
anabolic
26
example of anabolic hormone regulated by pituitary
growth hormone
27
anabolic hormone
stimulating protein synthesis and tissue growth
28
growth hormone
cell division and proliferation by facilitating protein synthesis
29
growth hormone protects ___ and limits _____ by mobilizing lipids for fuel during exercise and plays a role in recovery
glycogen, carbohydrate metabolism
30
heavy weightlifting and other forms of intense exercise ____ the release of growth hormones which functions as a stimulator of _______ activity and release from the liver
expedites, insulin-like growth factor-1
31
insulin-like growth factor-1
central signaling hormone for the promotion of muscle growth following resistance training
32
gonadal hormones
testosterone and estrogen
33
gonadal hormones are released from reproductive organs to help
regulate sex-specific characteristics and various protective elements
34
testosterone
anabolic hormone produced in men and women that stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics (facial hair) and acts on gene expression for protein synthesis
35
men possess ____x the quantity of testosterone than women
10
36
estrogen
steroid hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of female secondary characteristics (breast tissue) and is integral to bone maintenance in men and women
37
men convert ____ into a form of estrogen (____)
testosterone, estradiol
38
men normal levels of testosterone
270-1010 ng/dL
39
women normal levels of testosterone
15-70 ng/dL
40
children normal levels of testosterone
2-20 ng/dL
41
carbs are metabolized into ____ to maintain blood sugar levels
glucose
42
_____ hormones regulate blood sugar levels to limit _____ and ____
pancreatic
hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia
43
hyperglycemia
high blood glucose levels
44
hypoglycemia
low blood sugar levels
45
with hypoglycemia, metabolic demands of the ___ and ___ cannot be met
brain, CNS
46
the pancreas has two main functions
the production of digestive enzymes to break down fat, carbs, proteins for absorption via the lining of the small intestine
regulation of blood sugar levels
47
glucagon
regulate blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver to release free glucose into circulation to increase levels
48
insulin
regulates blood glucose control and tissue growth, allows blood to be pulled from bloodstream into tissues based on need
49
insulin dysfunction is associated with
insulin resistance, diabetes
50
thyroid manages
metabolism via hormones T3 and T4
51
thyroid
gland, primary regulator for growth and the rate of metabolism within the body
52
thyroid function is important for
child development, lean mass maintenance
53
individuals suffering from "slow metabolism" may be actually experiencing
hypothyroidism
54
hypothyroidism
abnormally low activity of the thyroid which usually results in weight gain and can retard growth as well as mental development
55
the adrenal glands are located
above the kidneys
56
the adrenal glands release hormones from
adrenal cortex and medulla
57
adrenal gland hormones relegate
stress, exercise
58
major adrenal hormones
cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine
59
cortisol
regulates metabolic/cardiovascular functions and helps manage BP
60
cortisol is released in response to
exercise stress and low blood glucose concentration
61
chronic elevation in cortisol is associated with
overtraining
62
epinephrine
conditions of stress to increase blood circulation, ventilation, carb metabolism to prepare muscles for exertion
63
norepinephrine
increase BP and blood glucose, affinity for different tissue receptors than epinephrine but facilitates similar response
64
catecholamines
potent neurotransmitters that help the body respond to stress or elicit fight or flight response
65
examples of catecholamines
dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
66
mineralocorticoid (2)
aldosterone, corticosterone
67
glucocorticoids (2)
cortisol, cortisone
68
androgens (2)
estrogen, testosterone
69
catecholamines (2)
epinephrine, norepinephrine
70
peptides (2)
somatostatin, substance P
71
adrenal cortex hormones
mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
72
adrenal medulla hormones
catecholamines, peptides
73
fight or flight response
acute increase in adrenal hormone activity which expedites enhancements in cardiac output, blood flow, and energy metabolism to rapidly deal with perceived stress/threat
74
the adrenals are very important to managing
exercise-based stress responses
75
anterior pituitary hormone, action
growth hormone; stimulate IGF, protein synthesis, growth, metabolism
76
thyroid hormone, action
thyroxine; stimulate metabolic rate, regulate cell growth and activity
77
adrenal cortex hormones (2) and actions
cortisol, aldosterone;
promote use of fatty acids and protein catabolism, conserve sugar, maintain blood glucose level; promote sodium, postasium metabolism and water retention
78
adrenal medulla hormones (2) and actions
epinephrine, norepinephrine;
increase cardiac output, increase glycogen catabolism and fatty acid release
has properties of epinephrine and constricts blood vessels
79
pancreas hormones (2) and actions
insulin, glucagon;
promote glucose uptake by the cell, stores glycogen, aids in protein synthesis
releases sugar from the liver into circulation
80
liver hormone, action
insulin-like growth factors
increase protein synthesis
81
ovaries hormone, action
estrogen
stimulate bone remodeling activity, female sex hormone
82
testes hormone, action
testosterone
stimulate growth, increase protein anabolism, reduce body fat, male sex hormone
83
resistance training (increases or decreases):
1. growth hormone
2. thyroxine and triodothyronine
3. insulin
4. IGF
5. cortisol
6. epinephrine
7. testosterone
increase
increase
decrease
increase
increase in heavy exercise
increase in heavy exercise
increase
84
high intensity training (above lactate threshold) ____ GH release
increases
85
testosterone is ____ during high-intensity aerobic activities
suppressed
86
insulin sensitivity is ____ and glucagon levels ____with prolonged exercise
heightened, increase
87
catecholamines ____ during steady state work
remain stable
88
cortisol activity ____ with prolonged duration
increases
89
aerobic work does not stimulate ____ pathways for hypertrophy as seen during weightlifting
GH-IGF
90
resistance training and endurance training at high intensities promotes the release of
various anabolic/adrenal hormones
91
long-duration, lower-intensity aerobic training suppresses ____ hormones while increasing potentially _____ hormones to supply energy
anabolic, catabolic stress
92
insulin sensitivity and consequence glucose management can be improved with
both forms of exercise
93
_____ training should be the staple of pre-diabetic programs
resistance
94
Which of the following directs functions such as hunger, thirst, temperature regulation and sleep?
a. Ovaries
b. Pancreas
c. Liver
d. Hypothalamus
d
95
The __________ secretes digestive enzymes and also produces hormones for blood glucose management.
a. Gallbladder
b. Testes
c. Adrenal glands
d. Pancreas
d
96
Which of the following is released from the liver and considered to be a primary signaling hormone for the promotion of muscle hypertrophy?
a. Thyroxine
b. Insulin-like growth factor-1
c. Estrogen
d. Testosterone
b
97
Which of the following has the greatest impact on one’s rate of metabolism?
a. Pineal gland
b. Adrenal gland
c. Thyroid gland
d. Pituitary gland
c
98
true or false: cortisol levels are reduced with regular bouts of long-duration endurance training
false
99
true or false: males and females produce estrogen for the promotion and maintenance of bone tissue
true
100
true or false: GH promotes anabolic activity, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate sparing in response to stressful exercise
true
101
___ functions to help regulate blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
glucagon
102
___ is suppressed during high-intensity aerobic activity but increased with resistance training
testosterone
103
identity the primary functions for each of the following adrenal hormones
a. cortisol
b. epinephrine
a. regulate numerous metabolic/cardiovascular functions and helps manage BP; released in response to exercise stress and low blood glucose concentrations to liberate energy
b. increases blood circulation, ventilation and carb metabolism to prepare muscles for exertion in response to perceived stress
104
identify at least two physiological impacts of eustress caused by hormonal responses
improved neural efficiency
vascular function
oxygen extraction
cardiac function
musculoskeletal function
105
identify at least two physiological impacts of distress caused by hormonal responses
increased platelet adhesion
cortisol production
blood LDL and triglyceride levels and susceptibility to low-grade inflammation
loos of protein-sparing metabolism
106
identify at least 5 organs or glands included in the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
liver
pancreas
ovaries
testes
adrenal glands
placenta (during pregnancy)
