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PENN FOSTER: A & P 1 > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Acromegaly

A

enlargement of the extremities and face caused by excessive growth hormone secretion

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

the outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces corticosteroids

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4
Q

Adrenal gland

A

an endocrine gland located on top of the kidney that produces hormones

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5
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

the inner part of the adrenal gland that produces catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce 1 corticosteroids

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7
Q

Aldosterone

A

a mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water balance

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8
Q

Alopecia

A

hair loss or baldness

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

the constructive phase of metabolism where smaller molecules are built into larger ones

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10
Q

Androgen

A

a male sex hormone such as testosterone

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

the front part of the pituitary gland that produces several hormones including growth hormone ACTH TSH FSH LH and prolactin

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12
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary that reduces water loss by the kidneys

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13
Q

Atrophy

A

a decrease in size or wasting away of a cell tissue organ or part

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14
Q

Calcitonin

A

a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels

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15
Q

Calorigenic

A

producing heat

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16
Q

Catabolism

A

the destructive phase of metabolism where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

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17
Q

Catecholamine

A

a class of compounds including epinephrine and norepinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla

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18
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes 2 antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen

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19
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

a hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and bile

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20
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin

A

a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy

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21
Q

Chyme

A

the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine

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22
Q

Corpus luteum

A

a temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that produces progesterone

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23
Q

Cortex

A

the outer layer of an organ

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24
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

a disorder characterized by excessive thirst and urination caused by a deficiency of ADH or the inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH

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25
Diabetes mellitus
a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from defects in insulin production insulin action 3 or both
26
Diuresis
increased production of urine
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Duodenum
the first section of the small intestine immediately following the stomach
28
Dysfunction
abnormal functioning of an organ or system
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Eclampsia
a severe complication of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure seizures and protein in the urine
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Endocrine gland
a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
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Endocrinology
the study of hormones and endocrine glands
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Epinephrine
a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal medulla also known as adrenaline
33
Erythropoietin
a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
34
Estrogen
a primary female sex hormone
35
Exocrine gland
a gland that secretes substances through a duct onto an external or internal body surface
36
Feedback mechanism
a system that regulates a process by using the output of the process to influence the input
37
Fight-or-flight response
a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event attack or threat to survival 4
38
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in females 5 and sperm production in males 6
39
Gastrin
a hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the secretion of stomach acid
40
Glucagon
a hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels
41
Glucocorticoid hormone
a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that affects glucose metabolism and immune function
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Gluconeogenesis
the process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
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Glycosuria
the presence of glucose in the urine
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Gonad
an organ that produces gametes a testis or ovary
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Gonadotropin
a hormone that stimulates the gonads
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Growth hormone (GH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and cell reproduction
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Hirsutism
excessive hair growth in a male-like pattern in women
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Homeostasis
the maintenance of a stable internal environment
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Hormone
a chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to target cells
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Hydrophilic
water-attracting
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Hydrophobic
water-repelling
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Hyperadrenocorticism
a disorder caused by excessive production of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex also known as Cushing's disease
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Hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
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Hyperglycemia
high levels of glucose in the blood
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Hyperplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
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Hypoadrenocorticism
a disorder caused by insufficient production of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex also known as Addison's disease
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Hypocalcemia
low levels of calcium in the blood
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Hypoglycemia
low levels of glucose in the blood
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Hypothalamus
a region of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and regulates many bodily functions
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Hypoxia
a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues
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Iatrogenic
relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
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Insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels
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Interstitial cell
a cell located in the spaces between other cells
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Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone in males also known as LH
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Lactation
the production of milk by the mammary glands
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males 7 also known as ICSH in males
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Luteolysis
the regression of the corpus luteum
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Medulla
the inner part of an organ
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the production and dispersion of melanin
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Melatonin
a hormone produced by the pineal body that regulates sleep-wake cycles
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Metabolism
the sum of the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
72
Milk fever
a metabolic disease in dairy cows characterized by low blood calcium levels
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Milk let-down
the release of milk from the mammary glands
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Mineralocorticoid hormone
a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water balance
75
Monoamine hormone
a hormone derived from a single amino acid such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Myoepithelial cell
a cell with characteristics of both muscle and epithelial cells found in glands
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Myometrium
the muscular wall of the uterus
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Neurotransmitter
a chemical messenger that transmits signals from a neuron across a synapse to a target cell
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Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
a class of drugs that reduces pain inflammation and fever
80
Norepinephrine
a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal medulla also known as noradrenaline
81
Oogenesis
the process of egg cell formation
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Ovary
the female gonad that produces eggs and hormones
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Oxytocin
a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk let-down
84
Pancreas
a gland located behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon
85
Pancreatic islet
a cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce hormones
86
Parathyroid gland
small glands located near the thyroid gland that regulate calcium levels
87
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels
88
Parturition
the process of giving birth
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Peptide hormone
a hormone composed of amino acids
90
Pineal body
a small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin
91
Pituitary gland
a small gland located at the base of the brain that produces and releases several hormones that regulate various bodily functions
92
Placenta
an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy providing oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removing waste products 8
93
Polydipsia
excessive thirst
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Polyphagia
excessive hunger or increased appetite
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Polyuria
excessive urination
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Portal system
a system of blood vessels that connects two capillary beds
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Posterior pituitary gland
the back part of the pituitary gland that releases ADH and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus
98
Precursor
a substance from which another substance is formed
99
Progesterone
a female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum and placenta that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains it
100
Progestin
a synthetic or natural substance that has effects similar to those of progesterone
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Prohormone
a substance that is a precursor to a hormone
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Prolactin
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production
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Prostaglandin
a group of lipid compounds with hormone-like effects that are involved in various bodily processes
104
Prostate gland
a gland in males located below the bladder that contributes fluid to semen
105
Secretin
a hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate
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Seminal vesicle
a gland in males that contributes fluid to semen
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Sex hormone
a hormone that affects the development and function of the reproductive organs
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Spermatogenesis
the process of sperm cell formation
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Steroid hormone
a hormone derived from cholesterol such as testosterone and estrogen
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Superovulation
the induction of ovulation of a greater than normal number of eggs
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Target
a cell tissue or organ that responds to a hormone or neurotransmitter
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Testes
the male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone
113
Testosterone
a primary male sex hormone
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Tetraiodothyronine (T4)
a thyroid hormone that contains four iodine atoms also known as thyroxine
115
Thymopoietin
a hormone produced by the thymus that is involved in T cell differentiation
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Thymosin
a hormone produced by the thymus that is involved in T cell development
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Thymus
a lymphoid organ located in the chest that is involved in the development of T cells
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Thyroid gland
a gland located in the neck that produces thyroid hormones
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Thyroid hormone
hormones produced by the thyroid gland primarily T3 and T4 that regulate metabolism
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
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Thyroxine
9 a thyroid hormone that contains four iodine atoms also known as T4
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Triiodothyronine (T3)
a thyroid hormone that contains three iodine atoms
123
Unsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid that contains one or more double bonds

PENN FOSTER: A & P 1 (12 decks)

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