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PENN FOSTER: A & P 1 > SENSE ORGANS > Flashcards

SENSE ORGANS Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eye changes focus from distant to near objects by adjusting the shape of the lens.

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3
Q

Ampulla

A

A localized dilation of a tube or canal particularly at the base of the semicircular canals in the inner ear containing the crista ampullaris involved in detecting head rotation.

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4
Q

Analgesia

A

Absence of pain or relief from pain without loss of consciousness.

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5
Q

Anesthesia

A

Loss of sensation often induced by drugs can be general regional or local.

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6
Q

Anterior chamber

A

The space within the eye between the cornea and the iris filled with aqueous humor.

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7
Q

Aqueous compartment

A

The division of the eye containing the aqueous humor including the anterior and posterior chambers.

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8
Q

Aqueous humor

A

The clear watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye providing nutrients and maintaining intraocular pressure. 1

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9
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

The transparent membrane covering the outer surface of the eyeball excluding the cornea.

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10
Q

Canal of Schlemm

A

A circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and drains it into the bloodstream also called the scleral venous sinus.

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11
Q

Canthus

A

The corner angle of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet.

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12
Q

Choroid

A

The vascular layer of the eye located between the retina and the sclera providing nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.

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13
Q

Ciliary body

A

A part of the eye located between the iris and the choroid that produces aqueous humor and contains the ciliary muscle.

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14
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

A ring of smooth muscle in the eye’s ciliary body that controls the shape of the lens for accommodation.

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15
Q

Cochlea

A

The spiral-shaped cavity in the inner ear that contains the organ of Corti and is involved in hearing.

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16
Q

Cochlear duct

A

A fluid-filled cavity within the cochlea that contains the organ of Corti also called the scala media.

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17
Q

Cone

A

A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for color vision and high visual acuity functioning best in bright light.

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18
Q

Conjunctiva

A

The transparent membrane that lines the eyelids palpebral conjunctiva and covers the outer surface of the eyeball bulbar conjunctiva.

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19
Q

Conjunctival sac

A

The space between the eyelid and the eyeball lined by the conjunctiva where eye drops are often administered.

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20
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent outer layer at the front of the eye that covers the iris pupil and anterior chamber refracting light onto the retina.

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21
Q

Crista

A

A crest or ridge; in the inner ear the crista ampullaris is a sensory receptor within the ampulla of the semicircular canals that detects head rotation.

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22
Q

Cupula

A

A gel-like cap that covers the hair cells of the crista ampullaris in the inner ear.

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23
Q

Eardrum

A

The tympanic membrane a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves located between the external and middle ear.

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24
Q

Endolymph

A

The fluid found within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear including the cochlear duct semicircular canals utricle and saccule.

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25
Equilibrium
A state of balance or stability; in the context of the inner ear the sense of balance mediated by the vestibular system.
26
Eustachian tube
A tube connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx that equalizes pressure on both sides of the eardrum also called the auditory tube.
27
External auditory canal
The passage extending from the outer ear auricle to the eardrum tympanic membrane also called the ear canal.
28
External ear
The outer part of the ear including the auricle pinna and the external auditory canal.
29
Extraocular eye muscle
Any of the muscles located outside the eyeball that control its movement.
30
Eyelid
A movable fold of skin that covers and protects the eye.
31
Flehmen response
A behavior in which an animal curls back its upper lip exposing its front teeth and inhales with its nostrils closed to detect pheromones with the vomeronasal organ.
32
Fundus
The posterior interior surface of the eye visible with an ophthalmoscope including the retina optic disc macula and blood vessels.
33
General anesthesia
A state of unconsciousness induced by anesthetic drugs affecting the entire body.
34
General sense
Sensory information collected from receptors throughout the body such as touch temperature pain and proprioception.
35
Gustatory sense
The sense of taste mediated by taste receptors in the taste buds.
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Hearing
The sense by which sound is perceived mediated by the auditory system.
37
Heatstroke
A severe form of hyperthermia characterized by a dangerously high body temperature and often organ dysfunction.
38
Hyperthermia
An elevated body temperature above the normal range.
39
Hypothermia
A decreased body temperature below the normal range.
40
Incus
One of the three small bones ossicles in the middle ear located between the malleus and the stapes also called the anvil.
41
Inner ear
The innermost part of the ear containing the cochlea vestibular system and auditory nerve involved in hearing and balance.
42
Iris
The colored part of the eye located in front of the lens that controls the size of the pupil regulating the amount of light entering the eye.
43
Lacrimal apparatus
The structures involved in the production drainage and distribution of tears including the lacrimal gland puncta canaliculi sac and nasolacrimal duct.
44
Lacrimal gland
A gland that produces tears located above the eye.
45
Lacrimal puncta
Small openings on the eyelids near the medial canthus corners of the eye through which tears drain into the lacrimal canaliculi.
46
Lacrimal sac
A small sac located at the medial canthus of the eye that collects tears from the lacrimal canaliculi before they drain into the nasolacrimal duct.
47
Limbus
The border between the cornea and the sclera.
48
Local anesthesia
Anesthesia that affects a limited area of the body by blocking nerve signals in that region.
49
Macula
A small specialized area in the retina responsible for sharp central vision containing a high concentration of cones.
50
Malleus
One of the three small bones ossicles in the middle ear attached to the eardrum also called the hammer.
51
Meibomian gland
A type of sebaceous gland located in the eyelids that secretes oil meibum onto the surface of the eye preventing tear evaporation also called a tarsal gland.
52
Middle ear
The air-filled cavity between the eardrum and the inner ear containing the ossicles malleus incus and stapes.
53
Modulation
The process by which the nervous system can increase or decrease the intensity of a sensory signal.
54
Nasolacrimal duct
A duct that carries tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity.
55
Nictitating membrane
A transparent or translucent third eyelid found in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and moisture.
56
Nociception
The sensory process of detecting noxious stimuli potentially harmful stimuli or actual tissue damage pain reception.
57
Nociceptor
A sensory receptor that responds to noxious stimuli potentially harmful stimuli or actual tissue damage.
58
Olfactory sense
The sense of smell mediated by olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.
59
Optic disc
The area in the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye lacking photoreceptors resulting in a blind spot.
60
Organ of Corti
The sensory organ of hearing located in the cochlear duct of the inner ear containing hair cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals.
61
Ossicle
A small bone particularly one of the three bones in the middle ear malleus incus stapes.
62
Otolith
A small calcium carbonate crystal found in the gelatinous layer covering the hair cells in the utricle and saccule of the inner ear involved in detecting linear acceleration and gravity.
63
Oval window
A membrane-covered opening in the wall of the inner ear separating the middle ear from the vestibule through which vibrations from the stapes are transmitted to the perilymph.
64
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
65
Palpebral conjunctiva
The transparent membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids.
66
Perception
The conscious interpretation of sensory information by the brain.
67
Perilymph
The fluid found in the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths of the inner ear.
68
Pheromone
A chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its 2 species.
69
Photoreceptor
A sensory receptor cell that responds to light located in the retina cones and rods.
70
Pinna
The external visible part of the ear auricle.
71
Posterior chamber
The space within the eye between the iris and the lens filled with aqueous humor.
72
Pressure
A type of mechanical stimulus detected by mechanoreceptors in the skin and deeper tissues.
73
Proprioception
The sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in 3 movement based on receptors in muscles tendons and joints.
74
Pupil
The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye its size is regulated by the iris.
75
Retina
The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye containing photoreceptor cells rods and cones that convert light into electrical 4 signals.
76
Rod
A type of photoreceptor cell in the retina responsible for vision in low light conditions (black and white vision).
77
Round window
A membrane-covered opening in the wall of the inner ear located below the oval window that bulges outward to dissipate pressure waves in the perilymph.
78
Saccule
A small fluid-filled sac in the vestibule of the inner ear containing otoliths involved in detecting linear acceleration and the position of the head relative to gravity.
79
Sclera
The white outer layer of the eyeball providing structural support.
80
Semicircular canal
Three fluid-filled loops in the inner ear oriented in different planes that detect rotational movement of the head involved in balance.
81
Sensory receptor
A specialized structure or cell that detects stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts them into electrical signals.
82
Smell
The sense of detecting chemical stimuli odorants in the air mediated by olfactory receptors.
83
Special sense
Sensory information collected from specialized organs localized in the head vision hearing taste smell and balance.
84
Stapes
One of the three small bones ossicles in the middle ear located in the oval window also called the stirrup.
85
Suspensory ligament
A ligament that supports an organ or structure; in the eye ligaments that hold the lens in place.
86
Tactile sense
The sense of touch including pressure vibration and texture mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin.
87
Tapetum
A reflective layer behind the retina in the eyes of many nocturnal animals that enhances night vision by reflecting light back through the retina.
88
Tapetum lucidum
The iridescent reflective layer in the tapetum.
89
Tarsal gland
See Meibomian gland.
90
Taste
The sense of detecting chemical stimuli tastants dissolved in saliva mediated by taste receptors in taste buds.
91
Tectorial membrane
A gelatinous membrane in the cochlear duct of the inner ear that overlies the hair cells and is involved in the process of hearing.
92
Temperature sense
The sense of detecting hot and cold stimuli mediated by thermoreceptors in the skin.
93
Third eyelid
See Nictitating membrane.
94
Touch
The sense of physical contact or pressure mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin.
95
Transduction
The process by which a sensory receptor converts a stimulus into an electrical signal.
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Transmission
The process by which a signal is sent along a nerve fiber or across a synapse.
97
Tympanic membrane
The eardrum a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves located between the external and middle ear.
98
Utricle
A small fluid-filled sac in the vestibule of the inner ear containing otoliths involved in detecting linear acceleration and the position of the head relative to gravity.
99
Uvea
The vascular layer of the eye consisting of the iris ciliary body and choroid.
100
Vestibule
The central cavity of the inner ear located between the cochlea and the semicircular canals containing the utricle and saccule involved in balance.
101
Visceral sensation
Sensory information from the internal organs often related to stretching pressure or chemical changes.
102
Vitreous compartment
The posterior division of the eye located behind the lens filled with vitreous humor.
103
Vitreous humor
The gel-like substance that fills the vitreous compartment of the eye helping to maintain its shape.
104
Vomeronasal organ
A sensory organ located in the nasal septum of many animals that detects pheromones involved in social and reproductive behaviors also called Jacobson's organ.
105
Wind-up
An increased sensitivity to pain that occurs over time in the central nervous system particularly the spinal cord in response to repeated or prolonged noxious stimuli.

PENN FOSTER: A & P 1 (12 decks)

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