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PENN FOSTER: A & P 1 > INTRODUCTION TO A&P > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO A&P Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Adipose?

A

Fat tissue

Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat.

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2
Q

What does ‘Anterior’ refer to in anatomy?

A

Front

Anterior indicates a position towards the front of the body.

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3
Q

Define ‘Bilateral symmetry’.

A

Symmetry about a central axis

Bilateral symmetry means that the left and right sides of an organism are mirror images of each other.

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4
Q

What does ‘Brisket’ refer to in anatomy?

A

The chest area

Brisket is the anatomical area located between the forelegs of an animal.

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5
Q

What is the function of Cardiac muscle?

A

Pumps blood

Cardiac muscle is specialized muscle found in the heart that contracts to pump blood throughout the body.

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6
Q

Where is the Carpus located?

A

Wrist area

The carpus refers to the joint structure between the forearm and the hand in humans or the equivalent in other animals.

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7
Q

What does ‘Caudal’ mean?

A

Towards the tail

Caudal is a directional term used to describe locations towards the back end of an organism.

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8
Q

What type of tissue is Connective tissue?

A

Supports and binds other tissues

Connective tissue includes various types of tissue that support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.

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9
Q

Define ‘Cranial’.

A

Relating to the skull

Cranial refers to anything pertaining to the cranium or skull.

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10
Q

What is the role of the Digestive system?

A

Breaks down food

The digestive system is responsible for the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: ‘Distal’ refers to a position ______ from the point of attachment.

A

Farther

Distal indicates a point that is further away from the trunk or point of reference.

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12
Q

What does ‘Dorsal’ refer to?

A

Back side

Dorsal indicates the upper side or back of an organism.

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13
Q

What is the Dorsal body cavity?

A

Contains the brain and spinal cord

The dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal canal.

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14
Q

Define ‘Epithelial tissue’.

A

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities

Epithelial tissue serves as a protective layer and is involved in absorption and secretion.

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15
Q

What does ‘Equilibrium’ refer to in physiology?

A

Balance of bodily functions

Equilibrium refers to a state of balance within physiological systems.

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16
Q

What is the meaning of ‘External’ in anatomical terms?

A

Outer surface

External refers to the outside or outer aspect of an organism.

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17
Q

Define ‘Fetlock’.

A

Joint in the leg of a horse

The fetlock is the joint located between the cannon bone and the pastern in equine anatomy.

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18
Q

What is the Fight-or-flight system?

A

Response to stress or danger

The fight-or-flight system is a physiological reaction that prepares the body to confront or flee from threats.

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19
Q

What does ‘Flank’ refer to?

A

The side of the body

The flank is the area located between the ribs and the hip.

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20
Q

What is the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract?

A

Digestive passage from mouth to anus

The GI tract includes all organs involved in digestion, including the stomach and intestines.

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21
Q

What is ‘Gross anatomy’?

A

Study of structures visible to the naked eye

Gross anatomy involves examining the physical structures of organisms without the aid of a microscope.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: ‘Histology’ is the study of ______ tissues.

A

Microscopic

Histology focuses on the microscopic structure of tissues.

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23
Q

What is the function of the Hock?

A

Equivalent to the ankle in humans

The hock is a joint in the hind leg of quadrupeds, connecting the tibia to the tarsal bones.

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24
Q

Define ‘Homeostasis’.

A

Maintenance of stable internal conditions

Homeostasis refers to the processes that maintain a constant internal environment despite external changes.

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25
What does 'Inferior' mean?
Below or lower in position ## Footnote Inferior indicates a location that is lower than another structure.
26
What is 'Inflammation'?
Body's response to injury or infection ## Footnote Inflammation is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain as part of the immune response.
27
What does 'Internal' refer to?
Inside or within the body ## Footnote Internal indicates structures located within the body or an organ.
28
What is the Knee in anatomical terms?
Joint in the leg ## Footnote The knee is a hinge joint that connects the thigh bone to the shin bone.
29
Define 'Lateral'.
Toward the side ## Footnote Lateral indicates a position away from the midline of the body.
30
What is 'Macroscopic anatomy'?
Study of structures visible to the naked eye. Also called Gross Anatomy ## Footnote Macroscopic anatomy involves examining large structures and systems without the use of a microscope.
31
What does 'Medial' mean?
Toward the midline ## Footnote Medial indicates a position closer to the center of the body.
32
What is the Median plane?
Divides the body into left and right halves ## Footnote The median plane is an anatomical reference plane that runs vertically down the center of the body.
33
What does 'Microscopic anatomy' involve?
Study of structures at the cellular level. Also called Histology ## Footnote Microscopic anatomy examines tissues and cells using a microscope.
34
Define 'Muscle tissue'.
Tissue that contracts to enable movement ## Footnote Muscle tissue is responsible for the movement of the body and its parts.
35
What is the Muzzle?
The projecting part of the face ## Footnote The muzzle includes the snout or the projecting parts of the face in animals.
36
What does 'Nervous tissue' consist of?
Neurons and supporting cells ## Footnote Nervous tissue is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body.
37
What is an Organ in biological terms?
A group of tissues working together ## Footnote An organ is a structure composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform specific functions.
38
What does 'Palmar' refer to?
The front surface of the forelimb ## Footnote Palmar indicates the palm side of the front foot in animals.
39
What is the 'Parietal layer'?
Membrane lining the body cavity ## Footnote The parietal layer refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the walls of body cavities.
40
Define 'Pastern'.
Joint in the leg of a horse ## Footnote The pastern is the area between the fetlock and the hoof in equine anatomy.
41
What is 'Physiology'?
Study of body functions ## Footnote Physiology examines how the body's systems and organs function and interact.
42
What is a Plane of reference?
Imaginary line used for anatomical orientation ## Footnote Planes of reference help in describing the locations and relationships of body structures.
43
What does 'Plantar' refer to?
The underside of the hind limb ## Footnote Plantar indicates the surface of the foot that is opposite to the dorsum.
44
What is the function of the Pleura?
Membrane surrounding the lungs ## Footnote The pleura consists of two layers that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity.
45
What does 'Poll' refer to in animal anatomy?
Top of the head ## Footnote The poll is the area on the top of the head, particularly in horses.
46
What does 'Posterior' mean?
Back or rear ## Footnote Posterior indicates a position towards the back of the body.
47
What is 'Proximal'?
Closer to the point of attachment ## Footnote Proximal indicates a location that is nearer to the trunk of the body.
48
What does 'Regional anatomy' study?
Specific regions of the body ## Footnote Regional anatomy focuses on the study of specific areas of the body, considering the relationships between various structures.
49
Define 'Rostral'.
Toward the nose or mouth ## Footnote Rostral is a directional term used in veterinary anatomy to indicate a position closer to the snout.
50
What is the Sagittal plane?
Divides the body into left and right parts ## Footnote The sagittal plane runs vertically and divides the body into two halves.
51
What does 'Skeletal muscle' refer to?
Voluntary muscle attached to bones ## Footnote Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements and is attached to the skeleton.
52
What is 'Smooth muscle'?
Involuntary muscle found in organs ## Footnote Smooth muscle is not under conscious control and is found in the walls of hollow organs.
53
What is the Spinal canal?
Passage within the vertebral column ## Footnote The spinal canal contains the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebrae.
54
Define 'Stifle'.
Joint in the hind leg of a horse ## Footnote The stifle joint is equivalent to the human knee and is found in quadrupeds.
55
What does 'Superficial' mean?
Near the surface ## Footnote Superficial refers to structures that are located close to the outer surface of the body.
56
What does 'Superior' mean?
Above or higher in position ## Footnote Superior indicates a location that is higher than another structure.
57
Define 'System' in anatomical terms.
Group of organs working together ## Footnote A system consists of multiple organs that collaborate to perform complex functions.
58
What does 'Systematic anatomy' study?
The structure of body systems ## Footnote Systematic anatomy examines the organization and relationships of various systems within the body.
59
What is the Tailhead?
Base of the tail ## Footnote The tailhead is the area where the tail attaches to the body.
60
What is the Tarsus?
Ankle joint in quadrupeds ## Footnote The tarsus is the joint located in the hind leg, analogous to the human ankle.
61
What does 'Thorax' refer to?
Chest region ## Footnote The thorax is the part of the body between the neck and abdomen.
62
Define 'Tissue'.
Group of similar cells performing a function ## Footnote Tissues are collections of cells that work together to carry out specific tasks.
63
What is the Transverse plane?
Divides the body into upper and lower parts ## Footnote The transverse plane runs horizontally and separates the body into superior and inferior sections.
64
What does 'Ventral' mean?
Front or belly side ## Footnote Ventral indicates a position towards the front or abdomen of the body.
65
What is the Ventral body cavity?
Contains thoracic and abdominal organs ## Footnote The ventral body cavity houses vital organs within the thorax and abdomen.
66
What are 'Viscera'?
Internal organs ## Footnote Viscera refers to the organs located within the main cavities of the body.
67
What is the Visceral layer?
Membrane covering organs ## Footnote The visceral layer is the inner layer of serous membrane that encases organs within body cavities.
68
What are the Withers?
Highest point of the back ## Footnote The withers are located at the junction of the neck and back in horses.
69
Define 'Xiphoid process'.
Cartilaginous extension of the sternum ## Footnote The xiphoid process is the small cartilaginous structure at the lower end of the sternum.
70
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology
Anatomy deals with the form appearance & structure of a muscle or bone. Physiology deals with their function. Essentially how a body part works.
71
How does an abnormality in one part of an animal's body affect the rest
Aan abnormality with either the anatomy or the physiology of any one part can affect the other as well as different aspects throughout the body
72
Describe the sagittal plane
The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts
73
Describe the median plane
The median plane runs lengthwise down the center of the animals body and divides it into equal left and right halves
74
Describe the transverse plane
The transverse plane divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
75
Describe the dorsal plane
The dorsal plane divides the animals body at a right angle to the sagittal or transverse plane and divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
76
Explain caudal and rostral in relation to the head
Caudal always means toward the tail end of the body. Rostral specifically means toward the tip of the head or nose
77
If an animal is standing on all four legs and you place your left hand on its belly and your right hand on its back which surface is each hand on
The left hand is on the ventral surface and the right hand is on the dorsal surface
78
In relation to an animal's elbow what is the difference between the medial and lateral surfaces and the proximal and distal parts of the leg
The medial surface is toward the center line of the animals body and the lateral surface is on the outer side of the elbow The proximal part of the leg is closer to the body relative to for example the toes which are located distally
79
Is the tip of an injection needle deep or superficial when inserted into the skin
The tip is deep and the hub is superficial
80
Which surface of the front and hind legs touches the ground
The palmar surface of the front leg and the plantar surface of the hind leg are touching the ground
81
Which plane divides the body into equal left and right halves
The median plane
82
Where is the pleura found and where is the peritoneum found
* The pleura is found in the thoracic cavity * the peritoneum is in the abdominal cavity
83
What is the difference between the visceral layer and the parietal layer of serous membranes
* The visceral layer covers the organs * The parietal layer lines the whole cavity
84
What are the four levels of organization in the body from basic to complex
* A cell is the **basic functional unit** of life * Specialized cells grouped together form **tissues** * Organs are formed by **groups of tissues** that work together for a common purpose * Systems are **groups of organs** involved in a common set of activities
85
What are the four basic tissue types
* Epithelial * Connective * Muscle * Nervous
86
How do homeostatic mechanisms affect the health of an animal
As conditions inside and outside change, homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal by adjusting as needed in order to maintain a fairly constant internal environment inside the body, making life possible

PENN FOSTER: A & P 1 (12 decks)

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