Endocrine System 2: Adrenal and Pancreas Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
where is the thyriod gland located?
A
anterior to trachela rings 2-3
2
Q
The right and the left lobes of the thyriod are sepreated by
A
an isthmus
3
Q
The follicles of the thyriod are filled with
A
colloid
thyrogkobulin
4
Q
TSH
A
thyroid stimulating
hormone
5
Q
what produces TSH
A
anterior pituitary
thryrotrophs (basophil)
6
Q
TSH controls
A
- syntheiss
- secrection
of thryroid hormones
7
Q
syntheiss of thyroid hormones is
A
exocrine
8
Q
secretion of thyroid hormones is
A
endocrine
9
Q
Exocrrine Synthesis
A
- uptake
- TGB synthesized
- addition
10
Q
what is taken up into the cell in the first step of exocrine( synthesis)
A
amino acids and iodide
11
Q
What is Thyroglobulin(TGB) synthesized on
A
RER
12
Q
How is TGB released?
A
exocytosis
13
Q
Thyriod hormones are stored
A
extracellularly as TGB
14
Q
Secretion
A
- endocytosis & digestion of colloid
- colloid fuses with lysosomes
- breakdown of TGB- release of T3 & T4 iodine
- T3 & T4 diffuse into cappilary
15
Q
What cause the endocytosis of colloid?
A
due to TSH stimulus
16
Q
Thyroid gland makes far more
A
T4
17
Q
Which is more potent T3 or T4?
A
T3
3 to 4X more
18
Q
What transports T3 & T4 in the cappilary
A
thyroxine-binding protein
19
Q
what makes thyroxine-binding protein?
A
the liver
20
Q
Functions of Thyroid Hormone
A
- increase metabolic rate
- increase body temp
- increase glucose production
- needed for normal CNS development
21
Q
C Cells produce
A
calcitonin
22
Q
What makes calcitonin?
A
C Cells
23
Q
Calcitonin act to
A
decrease calcium
24
Q
How does calcitonin decrease calium concentration?
A
inhibits bone resorption
binds to receptor on osteoclast
25
Hypercalcemia
high blood calicum
26
Hyperthryroidism
excess production of TSH
27
Hyperthryroidism symptoms
* increase metabolic rate
* weight loss
* heat intolerance
28
Common causes of Hyperthryroidism
* ingestion of T4( used for weight loss)
* loss of feedback control
* over stimulation of adenohypophysis
29
Graves Disease
autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies to the receptors for TSH
30
How do the antibodies work in Graves Disease
they bind tothe the receptor and chronically stimulate it
| results in too much thyroid hormone
31
Symptoms of Graves disease
* plus exopthlalmos
* TSH-R in orbital fat
| exop- collagen depostion posterior to the eyeball
32
Treatment for Graves Disease
*surgical removal
radioactive iodine
33
Hypothyroidism
insufficient production of thyroid hormone
34
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
* low metabolic rate
* gain weight
* feel cold
* photophobia
35
Cause of Hypothyroidism
* decrease iodine intake
* loss of pituitary stimulation
* destruction of thyriod
36
Treatment for Hypothyroidism
oral thyroid medicaiton
37
Endmic Goiter is caused by
iodine deficeincy
38
Most abundent cell
| parathyroid
chief cells
39
Chief cells of parathyroid secrete
parathyroid hormone
40
What is the function of oxyphil cells?
unknown
41
Occur in clusters, contain large # of mitochondria, has no secretory vesicles
oxyphil cells
42
oxyphil cells
* Occur in clusters
* contain large # of mitochondria
* no secretory vesicles
43
What happens to the parathyroid in older people
get fatty
44
What cause Chief cells to secrete parathyroid hormone?
low blood Ca levels
45
PTH regulates
Ca and phosphate balance
46
PTH on osteoblast
promotes osteoclast activity
47
PTH and renal tubules
stimulates resorption of Ca
48
PTH and GI tract
controls rate of Ca uptake by regulating produciton of Vitamin D(kidney)
49
Vitamin D stimulates
cells on the intestinal mucosa to aborb Ca
50
What is the carrier protein for Ca in the GI tract?
Calbinin
51
Hypoparathyroidism
* deficency in secretion of PTH
* blood Ca is low but bone Ca is not released
52
Ca deficiency results in
spontaneous depolarization of neurons and muscle fibers
| results in tetany
53
Hyperparathyroidism
* high blood Ca
* result in bone loss
* cause Ca depositon oin ateries and kidneys
54
Centroacinar Cells
* in center of acinus
* start of intercalated ducts
* pale
55
Islets of Langerhans is ____ part
endocrine
56
There may more than ________ islets of langehens in the pancreas
1 million
57
Insuloacinar portal system is found
in the pancreas suppling islets of langerhans
58
Insuloacinar portal system allows for
direct action of hormones
59
what are the main islet cells
* alpha
* beta
* gamma
60
Alpha cells secrete
glucagon
61
what produces glucagon?
alpha cells
62
Beta cells secrete
insulin
63
what secretes insulin
beta cells
64
Glucagon
increase blood glucose
65
Insulin
decrease blood glucose
66
somatostatin
inhibts insulin and glucagon production
67
What secretes somatostatin
Delta cells
68
What do the other cells of islet secrete
* vasoactive intestinal peptide
* pancreatic polypeptide
69
Diabetes Mellitus
* insulin deificiency/ abnormality
* hyperglycmia (increased blood glucose
* glucosuria
70
Type 1 diabetes
* juvenille
* decrease insulin production
71
type 2 diabetes
* adult onset
* decrease in # or responsivness of receptors
72
Where are the adrenal glands located
superior to the kidneys
73
How are adrenal glands regulated
ACTH
74
What secretes ACTH
anterior pituitary
| corticotrophs which are a type of basophil
75
In mammals we have _______ endocrin gland with
single; two different embryolocial origin
76
Steriod hormones are structurally similar to
cholesterol
77
What are the 3 class of adernal homones
* sex hormones
* glucocorticoids
* minercorticoids
78
minercorticoids control
* electrolyte and fluid balnace
* regulate Na and K level via Na pumps
79
what helps to regulate blood pressure via the JGA?
minercorticoids
80
glucocorticoids
stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
| both increase blood glucose
## Footnote
also increase metabolism
81
What helps to increase the metabolism and breakdown of proteins, carbs, and lipids
glucocorticoids
82
Sex Hormones
supplement gondal production
| very small amount
83
What is an example of a mineralcorticoids
aldosterone
84
what is an example of a glucocorticoid
cortisol
85
what is an example of an sex hormoen produced by the adernal gland
androgen
86
What is the order from outer to inner the layer of the adrenal
* zona glomerulosa
* zona fasciulata
* zona reticularis
87
zona glomerulosa is ___ of the cortex
15%
88
zona glomerulosa secretes
mineralcorticoids
89
zona fasciulata make up ____ of the cortex
80%
90
zona fasciulata contians
spongiocytes
91
zona fasciulata secrete
* gluccocorticoids
* and small amount of androgens
92
What promotes secretion of cortisol?
stress
93
Cortisol decreases
immune response
94
zona reticularis makes up ___ of the cortex
5%
95
zona reticularis secretes
small amounts of androgens and glucocorticoids
96
medulla of the the andrenal gets is blood
directly from long cortical artery as well as sinusoids from cortex
97
98
What causes aldosterone to be produced
Angiotension 2
99
Zona fasiculata on other tissues
catabolic effect
100
The zona fasiculata can supress
the immune system
101
Zone fasiculata and the liver
promotes uptake/use of fatty acids, amino acids, and CHO
102
Addisons Disease is
* hypoadrenocortisim
* failure to of adrenal gland to produce hormones
103
Crushing Disease
* hyperadrenocortisim
* excess cortisol secretion
104
1' cause of hyperadrenocorticisim
due to adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor
| excess cortisol secretion
105
2' cause of hypoadrenocorticisim
| classical
* due to increase in ACTH from anterior pituitary
106
What is normaly causes addisons?
autoimmune
107
decrease in cortisol leads to
decrease in blood glucose
108
What is tx for addisons
given mineral/glucocorticoids
109
Chromaffin secrete
epinephrine and norepinephrine
110
Chromaffin are modifed
sympatheitc postganglionic neurons
111
Catecholemines are secreted in response to
stress
112
Catecholemines
* increase heart rate
* dialte blood vessels (cardiac and skeltal) and bronchioles
* vasoconstriction of blood suppy to GI, kidney, skin.
113
Pheochromocytoma
benign tumor of chromaffin cells
114
Pheochromocytoma cause
increased release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
115
can Pheochromocytoma kill the person
yes
116
Pheochromocytoma are _____ familail
25%
117
Hatfield-McCoy Feud may be due to
rare inhertied disease von Hippel-Landau
118
von Hippel-Landau can lead to
rage and violent outbursts
