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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A
  • In the 3rd ventricle of the brain
  • between the 2 cerebral hemispheres.
  • Below the thalamus
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2
Q

Where does the hypothalamus receive sensory input from?

A
  • Limbic system.
  • Cerebral cortex.
  • Thalamus.
  • Internal organs.
  • Visual system
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3
Q

What can influence hypothalamic activity?

A

Painful, stressful and emotional experiences

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4
Q

What nervous system does the hypothalamus control?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

What functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • Body temperature.
  • Thirst.
  • Hunger.
  • Sexual behaviour.
  • Fear and rage
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6
Q

Along with the pituitary the hypothalamus secretes hormones which regulate what?

A
  • Growth.
  • Development
  • Metabolism.
  • Homoeostasis
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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

In the Sella Turcica found in the sphenoid bone

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8
Q

What is the stalk attaching the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus called?

A

infundibulum

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9
Q

From what embryonic tissue is the anterior pituitary derived?

A

The epithelium of the mouth of the embryo

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10
Q

At what age does the anterior pituitary gland develop?

A

5 to 16 weeks of age

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11
Q

The posterior pituitary contains axons of neurones to cell bodies are located in 2 nuclei in the hypothalamus. What are the names of these 2 nuclei?

A
  • Paraventricular nuclei.

- Supraoptic nuclei

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12
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland composed of?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

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13
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

7

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14
Q

How many types of secretory cells are found in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

5

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15
Q

How do the hypothalamus and pituitary communicate?

A

Via circulatory portal system (H-P axis).

  • Controlling hormone secreted into blood.
  • Travels through portal veins.
  • Enters anterior pituitary at capillaries
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16
Q

How many superior hypophyseal arteries are there?

A

7

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17
Q

Where are the 7 Superior hypophyseal arteries derived from?

A

The internal carotid artery

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18
Q

Where does the blood supply to the posterior pituitary originate?

A

The inferior hypophyseal artery derived from the internal carotid

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19
Q

What vessel carries blood away from the posterior pituitary?

A

The posterior hypophyseal veins

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20
Q

What vessel carries blood away from the anterior pituitary?

A

The anterior hypophyseal veins

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21
Q

Where is the pineal gland found?

A

Attached to the 3rd ventricle of the brain

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22
Q

What cells are found in the pineal gland?

A
  • Pinealocytes

- Neuroglia

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23
Q

What hormone is responsible for setting of the biological clock?

A

Melatonin

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24
Q

What causes melatonin secretion during darkness?

A

Lack of stimulation from sympathetic ganglion during darkness

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25
Q

The pineal gland is innervated by sympathetic fibres from which ganglion?

A
  • Superior cervical ganglion
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26
Q

What function is melatonin thought to play in animals?

A
  • Regulates seasonal sexual activity
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27
Q

What function is melatonin thought to play in humans?

A
  • Setting the body’s internal clock
28
Q

What blood vessel supplies the pineal gland?

A
  • The posterior cerebral artery
29
Q

What blood vessel drains the pineal gland?

A
  • The great cerebral vein
30
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A
  • Inferior to the larynx
31
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland?

A

2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus

32
Q

What arteries supply the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid artery

- Inferior thyroid artery

33
Q

Superior thyroid artery is a branch of which main vessel?

A
  • External carotid
34
Q

The inferior thyroid artery is a branch of which main vessel?

A
  • Subclavian artery
35
Q

The thyroid gland is drained of blood by which vessels?

A

Superior, middle and Inferior thyroid veins

36
Q

The Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into which main vessel?

A
  • Internal jugular
37
Q

The inferior thyroid veins drain into which main vessel?

A
  • Brachiocephalic veins or internal jugulars
38
Q

What innervates thyroid gland?

A
  • Pre-ganglionic fibres from 2nd-7th thoracic spinal cord

- Post ganglionic fibres from the sympathetic system of the cervical ganglia.

39
Q

Where are the superior and inferior parathyroid glands attached?

A

Laterally to the posterior surface of the thyroid

40
Q

What cells in the parathyroid produce parathyroid hormone?

A

Chief cells

41
Q

What are the functions of parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Increases blood calcium and magnesium levels.
  • Decreases phosphate levels.
  • Promotes vitamin D formation
42
Q

What blood vessel drain the parathyroid glands?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

43
Q

How are the parathyroid glands innervated?

A
  • Branches of sympathetic system from thyroid gland
44
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Superior to the kidneys

45
Q

What size and weight of the adrenal glands?

A
  • 3 to 5 cm height

- 5 g weight

46
Q

How many regions are the adrenal glands divided into, and what are these?

A
  • 2 regions.
  • Outer cortex.
  • Medulla
47
Q

How are the adrenal glands innervated?

A
  • preganglionic sympathetic fibres
48
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex called?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
49
Q

What is secreted by the Zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids mainly aldosterone

50
Q

What cells does the adrenal medulla contain that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

chromaffin cells

51
Q

What tissue is the outer cortex of the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

mesoderm

52
Q

What tissue is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

Post ganglionic cells of the sympathetic system

53
Q

What 3 areas does the pancreas consist of?

A
  • Head.
  • Body.
  • Tail
54
Q

What do endocrine cells in pancreatic islets produce?

A

Hormones

55
Q

How is the pancreas innervated?

A

Parasympathetic fibres derived from the coeliac and superior mesenteric nerve plexuses

56
Q

How many types of islet of Langerhans cells are there?

A

4

57
Q

Name the 4 types of islet of Langerhans cells found in the pancreas.

A
  • Alpha cells.
  • Beta cells.
  • Delta cells.
  • F-cells
58
Q

What do Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

Glucagon

59
Q

What do beta cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

60
Q

What do Delta cells of the pancreas secrete and what does it do?

A
  • Somatostatin

- Inhibits insulin and glucagon

61
Q

What do F-cells of the pancreas secrete, and what does it do?

A
  • Pancreatic polypeptide.

- Regulates release of digestive juices

62
Q

What 4 hormones to the ovaries produce?

A
  • Oestrogen.
  • Progesterone.
  • Relaxin.
  • Inhibin
63
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ovaries?

A
  • Regulate reproductive cycle.
  • Maintain pregnancy.
  • Prepare mammary glands for lactation
64
Q

What hormone to the testes produce?

A
  • Testosterone
65
Q

What are the 2 functions of the testes?

A
  • Regulate sperm production.

- Secondary sexual characteristics

Anatomy (17 decks)

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