Endocrine System: General Overview

Question 1

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

Answer 1

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of growth hormone

Question 2

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

Answer 2

Hypothalamus: Decreases the release of growth hormone

Question 3

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 3

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 4

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone

Answer 4

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 5

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 5

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 6

Prolactin-releasing hormone

Answer 6

Hypothalamus: Stimulates release of prolactin

Question 7

Prolactin-inhibitory factor; dopamine

Answer 7

Hypothalamus: Decreases the release of prolactin

Question 8

Growth hormone

Answer 8

Pituitary: Promotes growth and development; increases the rate of protein synthesis

Question 9

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Answer 9

Pituitary: Promotes follicular development and the creation of estrogen in females; promotes spermatogenesis in males

Question 10

Luteinizing hormone

Answer 10

Pituitary: Promotes ovulation along with estrogen/progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum in females; promotes testosterone synthesis in males

Question 11

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Answer 11

Pituitary: Increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Question 12

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 12

Pituitary: Increases cortisol synthesis (adrenal steroids)

Question 13

Prolactin

Answer 13

Pituitary: Allows for process of laction

Question 14

Oxytocin

Answer 14

Pituitary: Increase contraction of uterine muscles; promotes release of milk from mammary glands
Regulation of Secretion: Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus; stretching of cervix; nipple stimulation

Question 15

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 15

Pituitary: Increases water reabsorption; conserves water; increases blood pressure through stimulating contraction of muscles in small arteries
Regulation of Secretion: Decreased water content

Question 16

Androgen

Answer 16

Adrenal Cortex: Increases masculinization; promotes growth of pubic hair in males and females
Regulation of Secretion: Influenced by release of GnRH and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 17

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

Answer 17

Adrenal Cortex: Increases reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys to the blood; increase excretion of potassium ions by the kidney into the urine
Regulation of Secretion: Low blood sodium level; high blood potassium

Question 18

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Answer 18

Adrenal Cortex: Influences metabolism of food molecules; anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts
Regulation of Secretion: Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 19

Epinephrine

Answer 19

Adrenal Medulla: Increases HR and force on contraction; increases energy production; vasodilation in skeletal muscle
Regulation of Secretion: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situations

Question 20

Norepinephrine

Answer 20

Adrenal Medulla: Vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles
Regulation of Secretion: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situations

Question 21

Estrogen, progesterone

Answer 21

Ovaries: Involved in regulation of the female reproductive system and female sexual characteristics
Regulation of Secretion: Cyclical rise and fall of hormone levels

Question 22

Glucagon

Answer 22

Pancreas: Increases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Regulation of Secretion: Hypoglycemia

Question 23

Insulin

Answer 23

Pancreas: Decreases blood glucose and increases the storage of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
Regulation of Secretion: Hyperglycemia

Question 24

Parathormone

Answer 24

Parathyroid: Increase blood calcium

Regulation of Secretion: Hypocalcemia

Question 25

Testosterone

Answer 25

Testes: Involved in the process of spermatogenesis and male sexual characteristics Regulation of Secretion: Influenced by pituitary release of LH

Question 26

Thyroxine (T4), and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 26

Thyroid: Involved with normal development; increases cellular level metabolism Regulation of Secretion: Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 27

Calcitonin

Answer 27

Thyroid: Increases calcium storage in bone; decreases blood calcium levels Regulation of Secretion: Hypercalcemia

Question 28

Hypofunction of Adrenal Cortex (decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone) S&Sx: Hypotension, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, altered pigmentation, metabolic dysfunction and electrolyte imbalances

Answer 28

Addison's Disease

Question 29

Hyperfunction of Adrenal Gland (increased cortisol production), Pituitary gland produces excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) S&Sx: evolves over years, persistent hyperglycemia, growth failure, truncal obesity, purple abdominal striae, "moon shaped face", "buffalo hump" posteriorly at the base of the neck, weakness, acne, hypertension, and male gynecomastia. Mental changes include depression, poor concentration, and memory loss

Answer 29

Cushing's Syndrome

Question 30

Most common cause of Hypothyroidism

Answer 30

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 31

Most common cause of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 31

Grave's Disease

Question 32

S&Sx of Hypothyroidism

Answer 32

``` Fatigue Forgetfulness Dry skin Dry hair Brittle nails Constipation Weight gain Muscle cramps Depression Decreased menstrual flow Swelling in the front of the neck (goiter) ```

Question 33

S&Sx of Hyperthyroidism

Answer 33

``` Feeling hot Sweating Problems falling asleep Racing thoughts Difficulty focusing on one task Forgetfulness Change in bowel habits, where bowels are looser Elevated heart rate and palpitations Anxiety, nervousness, or irritability Weight loss Menstrual problems Fatigue ```

Question 34

Autoimmune disease that stimulates the thyroid gland to become overactive Common in women over age of 20, but affects men and any age group. S&Sx: Hyperthyroid presentation. Classic signs include- Goiter, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, tremor, and palpitations

Answer 34

Grave's Disease

Question 35

S&Sx of Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 35

Decreased bone resorption Hypocalcemia Elevated serum phosphate levels Shortened 4th & 5th metacarpals (pseudohypoparathyroidism) Compromised breathing due to muscle spasms Cardiac arrhythmias and potential heart failure Increased neuromuscular activity (tetany)

Question 36

S&Sx of Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 36

Increased bone resorption Hypercalcemia Decreased serum phosphate levels Osteitis fibrosa, subperiosteal resorption, arthritis, bone deformity Nephrocalcinosis, renal hypertension, and renal damage Gout Decreased neuromuscular irritability

Question 37

S&Sx of Hyperglycemia

Answer 37

Blood glucose >180-200 mgl/dl Increased thirst and frequent urination Ketoacidosis

Question 38

S&Sx of Ketoacidosis

Answer 38

``` Dyspnea Fruity breath odor Dry mouth Nausea Vomiting Confusion Loss of consciousness ```

Question 39

S&Sx of Hypoglycemia

Answer 39

Blood glucose

Question 40

Cause by destruction of islets of Langerhans cells secondary to possible autoimmune or viral causative factor Onset: usually less than 25 years of age, abrupt onset 5-10% of cases Insulin production: very little or none Ketoacidosis can occur Treatment includes insulin injection, exercises, and diet

Answer 40

resistance at insulin receptor sites usually secondary to obesity; ethnic prevalence Onset: Usually older than 45 years of age, gradual onset 90-95% of cases Insulin production: variable Ketoacidosis will rarely occur Treatment includes weight loss, oral insulin, exercise, and diet

Question 41

Adult onset Male hypogonadism

Answer 41

``` Decreased libido erectile dysfunction Infertility Decreased cognitive skills Mood changes Sleep disturbances ```

Question 42

Prepubescent onset Male hypogonadism

Answer 42

Sparse body hair Underdevelopment of skeletal muscles Long arms and legs secondary to delay in the closure of epiphyseal growth plates

Question 43

Prepubescent onset Female hypogonadism

Answer 43

``` gonadal dysgenesis Short stature Failure to progress through puberty Primary amenorrhea Premature gonadal failure ```

Question 44

Adult onset Female hypogonadism

Answer 44

Secondary amenorrhea is the primary symptom