endocrine sytem (part 2-axes)

Question 1

what are the 3 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gland Axes

Answer 1

HPG -gonad
HPT -thyroid
HPA -adrenal

Question 2

HPG axis process and hormones

Answer 2

hypothalamus produces GnRH travels through portl vein system –> anterior pituitary produces LH and FSH travels via bloodstream–> the gonads- release sex hormones which trigger production of sperm and eggs and produce secondary hormones (testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females)

Question 3

what happens in the HPG when sex hormone threshold has been met?

Answer 3

negative feedback inhibition of the production of FSH and LH and GnRH

Question 4

FSH stimulates production of ___in males

Answer 4

sperm

Question 5

FSH stumlates production of ____ in females and LH stimulates the release of these from the ovaries during ovulation

Answer 5

eggs

Question 6

HPT axis process and the nvolved hormones and glands

Answer 6

hypothalamus produced TRH that travels via portal vein system –> anterior pituitary produces TSH travels via bloodstream –> thyroid receives and produces T3 & T4

Question 7

what do Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) regulate? (hint think about how this is thyroid axis)

Answer 7

hair and nail growth, skin cell replenishment, weight and metabolism, energy

Question 8

what happens when the HPT threshold has been met

Answer 8

negative feedback inhibition of TSH and TRH

Question 9

what is the role of parathyroid glands (glands on the DORSAL surface of the thyroid gland)

Answer 9

maintain blood calcium homeostasis through a hormone called Parathyroid hormone PTH

Question 10

When blood calcium levels are ____, less PTH is produced, activating osteoBlasts to increase deposition of calcium into bone tissue.

Answer 10

high

Question 11

When blood calcium levels are ____, more PTH is produced, activating osteoClasts to break down bone tissue and restore calcium to the blood.

Answer 11

low

Question 12

______ build new bone tissue, while _______ break down existing bone tissue

Answer 12

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

(help: B=build new, C=clatter or break down)

Question 13

what is the role of the HPA axis (adrenal)

Answer 13

to regulate cortisol and thus stress repsonse

Question 14

HPA processes and involved hormones and glands

Answer 14

hypothalamus produces CRH via portal vein –> anterior pituritary produces ACTH via bloodstream –> adrenal cortex produces cortisol

Question 15

what happens when threshold has been met for cortisol is the HPA? what happens differently when an individual experiences chronic stress?

Answer 15

negative feedback inhibtion of CRH and ACTH.

in cases of chronic stress-feedback inhibition is reduced due to high endogenous cortisol exposure thus

Question 16

what can happen from excess cortisol production?

Answer 16

decreased immune function; inverse relationship

Question 17

how can we measure cortisol levels

Answer 17

blood tests and saliva samples

Question 18

cold intolerance, dry hair, puffy face, goiter, slow heartbeat (bradycardia), weight gain, constipation, possible infertility/miscarriage/irregular periods

Answer 18

symptoms of hypothyroidism- underactive thyroid not producing enough T3 & T4

treatment=hormone supplements

Question 19

heat intolerance, hair loss, bulging eyes, goiter, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), weight loss, diarrhea, periods less often or longer cycles

Answer 19

symptoms of hyperthroidism - too much T3 &T4 produced

treatments = medication and radioactive iodine

Question 19

what are hyperthyroid diseases

Answer 19

Grave’s disease and thyroid eye disease

Question 20

why is goiter rare

Answer 20

most people get enough iodine from iodized slat in their diet

Question 21

what are the functions of the liver?

Answer 21

process drugs and toxins AND long-term storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

Question 22

when cells in the body need energy (usually neurons or skeletal muscle cells), the ____ will break down ___ to release glucose into the bloodstream to help with making ATP (remember cellular respiration)

Answer 22

liver, glycogen

Question 23

what causes liver to be able to breakdown glycogen or build them back for storage?

Answer 23

2 hormones produced from the pancreas: insulin and glucagon

Question 24

____ is produced when one's blood sugar increases, causing the liver to build ip glycogen from glucose

Answer 24

insulin

Question 25

_____ is produced and released when one's blood sugar decreases, causing the liver to break down glycogen into glucose

Answer 25

glucagon (hint= glucoGON breaks down glycogen til its gone to create glucose for the low blood sugar)

Question 26

insulin and glucagon form a ______ feedback loop

Answer 26

negative

Question 27

what happens if the pancreas is not able to regulate one or both of these blood-glucose regulating hormones?

Answer 27

diabetes mellitus - abnormally high blood sugar

Question 28

this type of diabetes is usually genetic, more rare, and is notable for the pancreas not producing enough insulin on its own to help manage glucose levels-requiring supplemental insulin

Answer 28

Type 1

Question 29

this type of diabetes is usually related to lifestyle choices and is notable for the body having a very high tolerance to insulin meaning it becomes less effective at reducing blood sugar, treated using lifestyle chnages to diet and exercise

Answer 29

Type 2

Question 30

Measuring hemoglobin A1C or hemoglobin binding to glucose to reflect average blood sugar levels is used for what?

Answer 30

detecting type 2 diabetes

Question 31

what is a normal A1C for adults?

Answer 31

5.7 or less

Question 32

what is an abnormal A1C for adults?

Answer 32

5/7-6.5= prediabetes 7+ = type 2 diabetes likely