reproductive system (part 2-female)

Question 1

female reproductive external structures

Answer 1

clitoris, labia majora and minora, vaginal opening, hymen

Question 2

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina

Answer 2

female reproductive internal structures

Question 3

the female reproductive tract is incredibly muscularized, with several internal structures containing a thick medial ______ muscle layer

Answer 3

smooth

Question 4

why are the muscles of the reproductive tract for females important?

Answer 4

-contractions for labor
-Contractions to slough the endometrial lining during menses
contractions that accompany orgasm

Question 5

the uterus has ___ layers

Answer 5

3

Question 6

list 3 layers of the uterus from superficial to deep

Answer 6

1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium

Question 7

a thin tissue layer that surrounds the outside of the uterus, and helps to maintain its structural integrity and protect it from infection

Answer 7

the perimetirum

Question 8

a much thicker smooth muscle layer that contracts during menses, labor, and orgasm, largely due to increased exposure to oxytocin

Answer 8

myometrium

Question 9

a very dynamic tissue layer that is enriched with mucus and thickens in response to increased progesterone levels, particularly during the luteal phase of the menstral cycle

Answer 9

endometrium

Question 10

does the vagina have the same muscle layers as the uterus

Answer 10

No- just 1 thick smooth mucle layer to provide elastcity

Question 11

where is the lowest ph in the female reproductive tract? and why is this beneficial?

Answer 11

the vagina, because it helps prevent infection

Question 12

the _____ is the tapered opening to the uterus

Answer 12

cervix

Question 13

when does oogensesis begin in human females

Answer 13

before birth/in utero

Question 14

the primary _____ remain dormant in the follicle of the ovary until puberty when the HPG hormone cycle activates more

Answer 14

oocytes

Question 15

what hormone spikes at the start of puberty to start maturation of oocytes for ovulation

Answer 15

GnRH

Question 16

around what day in the 28 day cycle does ovulation occur?

Answer 16

around day 14

Question 17

_____ matures the follicle that holds the egg and ____ spikes around ovulation to rupture the follicle to release the egg

Answer 17

FSH, LH

Question 18

a Graafian follicle is

Answer 18

a mature follicle

Question 19

when the follicle ruptures, a type of tissue known as the ______ ______ forms and produces progesterone

Answer 19

corpus luteum

Question 20

why does the corpus luteum produce progesterone?

Answer 20

progesterone acts on the myometrial lining to temporarily inhibit contractions in preparation for the implantation of the egg released from its follicle

Question 21

what are the 4 cancers associated with the female reproductive system?

Answer 21

ovarian
uterine (impacts endometrium)
cervical (usually from HPV)
breast cancer (highly heritable, too much HER2 protein)

Question 22

A somewhat sudden decline in estrogen (and progesterone) levels that typically begins around 55 years old marks the beginning of _______.

Answer 22

menopause

Question 23

the phases of the menstral cycle

Answer 23

follicular phase (approx days 1-13)
midcycle/ovulation (approx day 14)
luteal phase (approx days 15-28)

Question 24

estrogen is sometimes also called

Answer 24

estradiol

Question 25

during this phase, FSH gradually rises to stimulate production and release of estrogen/estradiol

Answer 25

follicular phase

Question 26

during this phase, LH increases dramatically, triggering release of 1 egg from the follicle inside the ovaries (also ovary is still producing estrogen/estradiol)

Answer 26

midcycle/ovulation

Question 27

during this phase, the HPG is mostly inhibited and production of FSH and LH gradually decrease, at the same time the corpus luteim produces progesterone to relax uterus for possible implantation

Answer 27

luteal

Question 28

describe oogensis process in terms of the oocyte names and ploidy

Answer 28

oogonium (2n) --> primary oocyte (2n) ---> splits into secondary oocyte (1n) and primary polar body (1n) secondary oocyte--> ovum (1n) and 1 polar body(1n) secondary polar bodies --> 2 polar bodies (1n)

Question 29

what happens to polar bodies

Answer 29

absorbed back into ovarian follicular tissue bc they play no role

Question 30

the oocytes mature to ovum at which point in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 30

ovulation

Question 31

why do estrogen or progesterone oral contraceptives work

Answer 31

they inhibit the anterior pituitary by showing there are already elevated hormones in the system to stop ovulation and uterine thickening from LH and FSH

Question 32

where does fertilization take place

Answer 32

ampulla of the fallopian tube typically

Question 33

follicle cells, jelly coat, receptor proteins on the Vitelline layer and a plasma membrane all exist around the egg to

Answer 33

act as barriers for sperm bc we only want 1 sperm to make it

Question 35

the following steps describe what: egg depolarizes, IP3 is produced to trigger Ca release from ER, vesicles releases to harden jelly coat, Vitelline layer shifts to prevent additional sperm from entering

Answer 35

the INTRAcellular cascade that happens after a sperm penetrates the egg

Question 36

TRUE or FALSE: The SRY gene is activated before the development of nipples in utero.

Answer 36

false

Question 37

All of the following cells produced in spermatogenesis are haploid except (Select all that apply): Spermatid Spermatogonium Secondary spermatocyte Spermatozoa Primary spermatocyte

Answer 37

spermatogonium and primary spermocyte

Question 38

TRUE or FALSE: Granulosa cells contain aromatases, which are capable of converting androgens (such as testosterone) to estrogen.

Answer 38

true

Question 39

what happens during the first several days after fertilization to the zygote?

Answer 39

day 1-two cell stage day 2-four cell stage 3 days- 16 cell day 4- morula day 5- blastula

Question 40

does the zygote get bigger as it develops down the fallopian tube into a blastula?

Answer 40

NO

Question 41

a three cell layered structure that forms after the blastula

Answer 41

gastrula

Question 42

these 3 germ layers are formed during gastrulation and each will form a different key tissue system within the body

Answer 42

1. endoderm: innermost layer - visceral organs digestive and respiratory tract 2. mesoderm: medial layer, bone blood and muscle and parts of the nervous system 3. ectoderm-outermost layer, will become skin and the central nervous system

Question 43

labor is an example of what type of feedback loop

Answer 43

positive feedback - more oxytocin=more contractions at myometrium=more oxytocin

Question 44

breastfeeding is an example of what type of feedback loop

Answer 44

positive suckling=more oxytocin more oxytocin=more milk which means more suckling

Question 45

what role does prolactin play in female reproductive sytem

Answer 45

stimulates milk production in mammary glands and temporily inhibits GnRH to prevent pregancy

Question 46

what role does oxytocin play in breastfeeding

Answer 46

release of the breast milk / "let down"

Question 47

this is a procedure for prenatal genetic testing that looks at fetal chromosomes

Answer 47

amniocentesis