the endocrine system (part 1) Flashcards
(32 cards)
The _________ _______ is responsible for maintaining homeostasis through the production and release of special chemical signaling molecules, called hormones.
endocrine system
the endocrine system interacts closely with the _______ system, digestive system, renal system and reproductive system. Nearly all ________/ physiological processes are under some degree of endocrine regulation.
nervous, autonomic
hormones travel through what? to reach what?
the bloodstream to reach target organs in the periphery (not brain or spinal cord)
these hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and are typically stored in and released from the pituitary glands (also hormones from anterior pit. gland are considered even though they are not part of CNS)
central hormones
these hormones are produced in peripheral glands in response to the detection of a central hormone
peripheral hormones
Fsh triggering production and release of estrogen in the hp is an example of what?
a central hormone causing release of a periphery hormone
what are the 3 chemical classes of hormones?
amine, peptide (and protein), and steroid
characteristics of amine hormones
contain amine group, water soluble, polar
examples of amine hormones
epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin and dopamine
characteristics of peptide hormones
water soluble/polar but typically too large to diffuse without special receptor proteins, have a primary structure-chain of linked amino acids, derived from amino acids
examples of peptide hormones
oxytocin, human growth hormone (HGH)
the process by which cells respond respond to external stimuli from the environment, triggering a response is know as
an INTRAcellular signaling cascade
examples of steroid hormones
primary sex hormones-testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
characteristics of steroid hormones
most common type of hormone, derived from cholesterol, lipids, water insoluble/nonpolar
what is the result of an INTRAcellular signaling cascade
a change in gene expression which leads to subsequent change in protein expression
most common INTRAcellular cascade example
G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated cascade
what are the 3 INTERcellular signaling mechanisms that are important for the endocrine system and what do they do?
autocrine- cell signals to itself (useful in short-distance/self negative feedback loops)
paracrine-cells signal to nearby neighbors (typically in a tissue or gland)
endocrine-cells signal to far-away targets (slowest, travels through blood vessels and occurs between tissues/glands)
what is the mechanism that connects the nervous system and endocrine system
neuroendocrine (neuron to gland) signaling (causes INTRAcellular cascade)
where does neuroendocrine signaling take place?
at the hypothalamo-pituitary junction
whats different about how the anterior and posterior pituitary glands receive and send hormones from the hypothalamus?
posterior- receives directly and can store hormones until they are released into bloodstream
anterior- receives via portal vein system and has hormones diffuse across membrane of anterior pit gland which triggers production and release of stimulating hormones/central hormones (FSH, GH, LH, TSH, etc)
the _____ is the command center for the endocrine system
hypothalamus
TRH, GnRH, CRH, ADH, oxytocin, somatostatin, and dopamine from the hypothalamus are examples of…
primary central hormones
what are hedonistic or appetitive behaviors
pleasure seeking behaviors
drugs like ozempic are an example of what
they mimic GLP-1 hormones in the endocrine which are repsonsible for reducing hunger and increasing satiety; they are GLP-1 agonists
