reproductive system (part 1-male)

Question 1

organizational changes are typically those that occur _____ birth

Answer 1

before

Question 2

examples of organizational chnages

Answer 2

the specific set of sex chromosomes, androgen exposure in utero, development of primary sex organs

Question 3

activational changes are typically those that occur _____ birth

Answer 3

after

Question 4

examples of activational changes include:

Answer 4

increased production of sex hormones, the development of secondary sex characteristics at or around puberty

Question 5

why do men have nipples

Answer 5

nipples form at 4 weeks, whereas SRY gene that activates process of masculinization or feminization does not happen until week 7 in utero

Question 6

______ species are capable of possessing both male and female reproductive organs at the same or alternate expression at different times

Answer 6

Hermaphroditic

Question 7

_____ species are those that are only female, and capable of engaging in asexual reproduction involving unfertilized eggs that can still mature

Answer 7

Parthenogenetic

Question 8

male external reproductive structures

Answer 8

penis and scrotum

Question 9

male internal reproductive structures

Answer 9

accessory glands, vas deferens, epididymis and testes

Question 10

functions of the testes?

Answer 10

where sperm and testosterone are produced

Question 11

function of the accessory glands?

Answer 11

produce glandular secretions/fluids that help protect and carry sperm

Question 12

what are the 3 accessory glands and what are their roles in male rep. system?

Answer 12

1. seminal vesicles- produces seminal fluid
2. prostate gland-produces prostatic fluid that helps with fluididuty of semen to help with transport and helps prevent backflow
3. bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands-pre-ejaculate produced to clear urethra for semen passage

Question 13

healthy sperm count

Answer 13

15-200 million sperm/mL

Question 14

the ________ is the holding zone for mature sperm, it is connected to the accessory glands and ejaculatory ducts via the vas deferens

Answer 14

epididymis

Question 15

what is a vasectomy

Answer 15

procedure to sever or tie the vas deferens (2 of them) to prevent sperm from going tinto seminal fluid

Question 16

where is the site of spematogenesis

Answer 16

the testes (kept at 35 degrees C, 95 F), but more specifically the seminiferous tubules

Question 17

what happens if testes do not drop during gestation and what is this called?

Answer 17

cryptorchidism - which increases risk of sterility and testicle cancer

Question 18

sertoli and leydig cells also help aid in…

Answer 18

production and maturation of sperm

Question 19

what cancers should males be checking for?

Answer 19

testicular cancer -(ages 20-40) painless lump or swelling, dull ache or heaviness in scrotum

prostate cancer -(ages 50-70) difficulty urinating, blood in semen or painful ejaculation

Question 20

what hormone activates Sertoli cells?

Answer 20

FSH

Question 21

what do Sertoli cells do specifically to aid in spermatogenesis and/or testosterone production?

Answer 21

provide nutrients to sperm and control the environment around sperm by regulating filtration

Question 22

what hormone activate Leydig cells?

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

what do Leydig cells do specifically to aid in spermatogenesis and/or testosterone production?

Answer 23

regulate and promote production of testosterone through an INTRAcellular cascade that digests cholesterol and synthesizes testosterone in the smooth ER

Question 24

spermatogenesis terms from premature to fully mature sperm

Answer 24

1 spermatogonium (2n) –> 2 primary spermatocytes (2n) –> 2 secondary spermatocytes (1n) –> 4 spermatids (1n) –> 4 spermatozoa (1n)

Question 25

what is the flagellum?

Answer 25

the tail part of sperm that gives it the ability to swim and fertilize an egg

Question 26

what makes up the flagella/flagellum?

Answer 26

9 paired radial microtubular structures in a wheel shape with a central pair

Question 27

what happens when Hv1 channels are activated in sperm?

Answer 27

they help increase motility and increase intracellular PH (become more alkaline/basic)

Question 28

process of forming an erection

Answer 28

Nitric oxide from nervous systom will release, this activate cGMP which triggers vasodilation in the penis arteries that are collectively known as the corpora cavernosa

Question 29

why does viagra help erections

Answer 29

it inhibits PDE5 which breaks down cGMP - more cGMP means easier erection but it does NOT rlease NO so cannot cause an erection, just can maintain one

Question 30

nitiric oxide for erections is reliant on activation from the _______ branch of the _____

Answer 30

parasympathetic, ANS

Question 31

what hormones contribute to increased NO release, and thus erection and ejaculation

Answer 31

dopamine and oxytocin

Question 32

chemicals like opiods, cannabinoids, and ethanol _____ nitric oxide (NO) production and synthezation

Answer 32

reduce --meaning can lead to temporary erectile dysfunction

Question 33

embryos contain both reproductive tracts by week ___ of age

Answer 33

4

Question 34

the ______ ducts correspond to the male system and will mature if the SRY gene is activated and there are increased TDF and testosterone

Answer 34

wolffian

Question 35

the _______ ducts correspond to female system, and will mature in absence of SRY gene

Answer 35

mullerian

Question 36

if SRY is actiavted at week 7, what will happen to the mullerian ducts?

Answer 36

they will disappear during defeminization process when MIS increases

Question 37

what are androgens?

Answer 37

male sex hormones

Question 38

T/F: Increased testosterone leads to increased activation of intracellular androgen receptors (ARs), which can result in genetic changes that lead to masculinization of certain brain regions

Answer 38

TRUE - direct relationship

Question 39

the enzyme _______ complicates things, as it is capable of converting testosterone to estradiol, meaning that not all testosterone will bind to androgen receptors and lead to masculinization in this same way.

Answer 39

aromatase