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vert physics exam 1 study > endocrine terms exam 3 > Flashcards

endocrine terms exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Secretes TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH
and DA that stimulate or inhibit pituitary gland function/prolactin.
leptin targets here

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2
Q

target of hypothalamus

A

pituitary glands

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3
Q

where does leptin target

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

where is DA released from

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Heart

A

atrial natriuretic peptide lowers blood Na+.

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6
Q

hormone lowers blood Na+

A

atrial natriuretic hormone

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7
Q

adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine, fight-or-fight response

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8
Q

adrenal cortex

A

aldosterone: regulates Na+ and K+ balance;
cortisol, androgens

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9
Q

released from anterior pituitary

A

ACTH, FSH
LH, GH
PRL, TSH

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10
Q

released from hypothalamus

A

DA, TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH

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11
Q

liver

A

IGF-1 control bone growth
angiotensinogen: precursor of angiotensin II
prods non-specific carrier proteins

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12
Q

hormone controls bone growth

A

IGF-1 from liver

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13
Q

angiotensinogen

A

secreted from liver
precursor of angiotensin II

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14
Q

kidneys

A

secrete erythropoietin - regulates maturation of RBCs
active 1,25 vitamin D
renin: synthesizes angiotensin II

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15
Q

hormone renin

A

secreted by kidneys
starts synthesis of angiotensin II from precursor of liver, angiotensinogen

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16
Q

pancreas

A

insulin decreases blood glucose
glucagon increases blood glucose

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17
Q

insulin

A

decreases blood glucose

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18
Q

hormone decreases blood glucose

A

insulin from pancreas

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19
Q

hormone increases blood glucose

A

glucagon from pancreas

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20
Q

hormone glucagon

A

from pancreas, increases blood glucose

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21
Q

blood vessels

A

walls finish synthesis of angiotensin II to maintain normal BP

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22
Q

adipose tissue

A

regulates appetite and metabolism

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23
Q

active form vitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from kidneys

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24
Q

erythropoietin

A

secreted from kidneys
maturation of RBCs

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25
Q

posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

oxytocin and vasopressin = antidiuretic hormone

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26
Q

vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone released from posterior pituitary gland with oxytocin
increases water reabsorption in kidneys

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27
Q

increases water reabsorption in kidneys

A

vasopressin = antidiuretic hormone released from posterior pituitary

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28
Q

oxytocin

A

released from posterior pituitary

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29
Q

pineal gland

A

makes melatonin - circadian rhythm

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30
Q

melatonin

A

from pineal gland

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31
Q

circadian rhythm

A

melatonin from pineal gland

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32
Q

thyroid

A

thyroid hormone
calcitonin: Ca2+ homeostasis

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33
Q

calcitonin

A

from thyroid, role in Ca2+ homeostasis

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34
Q

stomach and small intestine

A

gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin

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35
Q

ovaries

A

estrogens - estradiol and progesterone

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36
Q

derived from AA Tyr

A

amine hormones

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37
Q

amine hormones

A

thyroid hormones, catecholamines, dopamine, melatonin

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38
Q

thyroid hormone

A

iodine-containing

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39
Q

where are adrenal glands

A

above each kidney

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40
Q

anatomy of adrenal glands

A

inner adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines
surrounding adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones

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41
Q

about adrenal medulla

A

modified sympathetic ganglion without axons and secretes catecholamines but 4x epinephrine > norepinephrine

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42
Q

PNMT

A

adrenal medulla enzyme
norepinephrine + PNMT = epinephrine

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43
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
high expression of PNMT converts most of norepinephrine into epinephrine

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44
Q

dopamine

A

synthesized in hypothalamus
released in portal system to pituitary gland
inhibitory

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45
Q

most hormones are what type?

A

peptide

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46
Q

synthesis of peptide hormones

A
  1. preprohormones on ribosomes
  2. preprohormone cleaved into prohormone by proteolytic enzymes in rough ER
  3. PTM: prohormone cleaved into ACTIVE hormone and other chains
  4. Packaged into vesicles by Golgi
  5. exocytosis
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47
Q

receptor location for peptide hormones

A

on plasma membrane
peptides are hydrophilic

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48
Q

statins

A

inhibit cholesterol production

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49
Q

steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol
ring stucture
lipophilic/hydrophobic so bind intracellular receptors of nuclear receptor family to alter gene expression and change rate of protein synthesis

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50
Q

endogenous cholesterol

A

mitochondria

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51
Q

what secretes steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex and gonads/placenta

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52
Q

vitamin D

A

can be enzymatically converted in steroid

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53
Q

synthesis of steroid hormone

A
  1. cholesterol
  2. anterior pituitary hormone binds membrane receptor and stimulates synth
  3. receptors linked to Gs proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase and cAMP
  4. activated cAMP fires up protein kinase A to phosphorylate proteins
  5. enzymes convert
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54
Q

diseases of liver

A

affect carrier proteins and so hormone delivery
affect IGF-1 and bone growth

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55
Q

carrier proteins

A

steroid proteins use carrier produced in liver like albumin
non-specific and low affinity

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56
Q

5 adrenal cortex hormones

A
  1. cortisol = glucocorticoid
  2. aldosterone = mineralocorticoid
  3. DHEA = androgen
  4. androstenedione = androgen
  5. corticosterone = glucocorticoid
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57
Q

cortisol

A

from adrenal cortex, glucocorticoid
affects glucose/metabolism

zona fasciculata

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58
Q

aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid of adrenal cortex
- effects on salt/ion balance in kidneys to stimulate Na, H20 retention and K+, H+ secretion
- under control of angiotensin II

can be converted from corticosterone in outer glomerulosa layer of cortex

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59
Q

angiotensin II regulates aldosterone

A

aldosterone of adrenal Cortex
angiotensin II binds membrane of adrenal cortex to activate inositol triphosphate 2nd mess. path

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60
Q

stimulates Na+ and H2O retention and K+, H+ excretion in kidneys

A

aldosterone of adrenal cortex, regulated by angiotensin II

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61
Q

glucocorticoids

A

cortisol and corticosterone from adrenal cortex

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62
Q

layers of adrenal cortex

A

outer: zona glomerulosa has enzymes to synthesize corticosterone and convert it to aldosterone

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63
Q

zona fasciculata

A

of adrenal cortex produces cortisol

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64
Q

zona reticularis

A

produces androgens

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65
Q

effects of CAH congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

excess androgens in female virile genitalia to look male

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66
Q

cholesterol converts into…

A

pregnenolone –> DHEA, androstenedione, cortisol
corticosterone –> aldosterone

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67
Q

water soluble, hydrophilic

A

peptide and catecholamine hormones
- dissolve in plasma

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68
Q

hydrophobic, lipophilic

A

steroid and thyroid hormones
- bind to carrier proteins produced by liver
small conc. are dissolved in plasma and FREE!!!

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69
Q

rate of excretion for steroids

A

slow, protein bound,
bind intracellular and alter gene expression, protein synthesis

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70
Q

rate of excretion for thyroid hormone

A

slow
protein bound and protected from excretion/metabolism
binds intracellular

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71
Q

rate of excretion for peptide and catecholamines

A

fast
free/unbound and bind membrane receptors

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72
Q

Hormone concentration in blood depends on:

A
  • rate of secretion by gland
  • rate of removal from blood
    remove by excretion or metabolism with liver and kidneys
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73
Q

protein bound hormones

A

protected from removal/excretion/metabolism

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74
Q

Hormone activation by metabolism

A

thyroid gland produces T4 and converted to active T3 in target cell

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75
Q

up-regulation

A

increase number of receptors in cell after prolonged exposure to low concentrations of hormone will have EFFECT of increased responsiveness of target-cell

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76
Q

increase response of target cell?

A

up regulation of receptors
increase # receptors with prolonged exposure to low concentrations of homrone

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77
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease in receptor # after exposure to HIGH CONCentrations decreases target responsiveness to hormone, preventing overstimulation!

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78
Q

prevent overstimulation

A

down regulate # receptors in cell
after exposure to HIGH concentration of hormone

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79
Q

exposure to high conc. hormone

A

down-regulate/decrease # receptors to prevent overstimulation

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80
Q

permissiveness

A

Hormone A must be present 1st for Hormone B to fully work / hormone A enhances hormone B

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81
Q

how does permissiveness work

A

hormone A up regulates hormone B’s receptors so it can fully work

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82
Q

epinpehrine

A

stimulates release of fatty acids into blood from adipocytes for energy
NEEDS permissive amounts of thyroid hormone

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83
Q

example of permissiveness

A

epinephrine releases fatty acids into blood for energy
NEEDS thyroid hormone
- thyroid hormone stimulates synthesis of beta-adrenergic receptors for epinephrine in adipose tissue so it becomes more sensitive to epinephrine

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84
Q

epinephrine receptors

A

beta-adrenergic on plasma membrane
thyroid hormone stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors on adipose tissue to be more sensitive to epinephrine so it can release fatty acids into blood for energy in permissiveness

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85
Q

Ca2+

A

second messanger

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86
Q

electrical potential

A

open/closing ion channels changes potential

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87
Q

inputs that control hormone secretion

A
  1. changes in plasma concentrations of ions/nutrients
  2. NT release from neurons synapsing on endocrine cells
  3. another hormone or paracrine body
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88
Q

rate of hormone secretion depends on…

A

relative amounts of stimulator or inhibitory inputs (NTs, hormones, ions)

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89
Q

nitric oxide

A

vasodilator

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90
Q

Communication by extracellular signals

A
  1. synthesis
  2. release of hormone
  3. transport to target
  4. detection by receptor
  5. receptor-signal complex activates and trigger change
  6. removal of signal terminates response (removal from blood by excretion or metabolism OR reduced release from gland)
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91
Q

Regulation of Hormone
Concentration

A
  1. PRODUCTION RATE - synthesis and secretion (gene expression cascades)
  2. DELIVERY RATE - blood flow
    BINDING/CARRIER proteins in blood increase half life of hormones
  3. Inactivation/elimination rate - intrinsic decay rate, metabolized, excreted, catabolic enzymes
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92
Q

chromaffin cells

A

respond to ACh by increasing Ca2+ conductance and triggers exocytosis from vesicles
PROGRESSES in POSITIVE + feedback loop

in adrenal medulla, for catecholamines

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93
Q

source of catecholamines

A

adrenal medulla and postganglionic sympathetic neurons

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94
Q

postganglionic sympathetic neurons

A

source of catecholamines (in addition to adrenal medulla)

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95
Q

general synthesis of steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol and enzymatic conversions
DHEA –> adrostenedione
corticosterone –> aldosterone

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96
Q

determinant of final steroid hormone product

A

expression of specific enzymes and concentrations

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97
Q

what does increased secretion of steroid hormones indicate?

A

increased rate of synthesis
- cholesterol

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98
Q

consequences of liver disease

A

affects carrier protein production and hormone delivery (steroid and thyroid)

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99
Q

a dietary deficiency in iodine can cause

A

slow mental functions,
congenital hypothyroidism
low metabolic rate
goiter

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100
Q

when is GH secretion the greatest

A

adolescence

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101
Q

How does GH stimulate cell proliferation

A

GH stimulates release of IGF-1 from the liver and other target tissues of GH

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102
Q

patient is irritable and SWEATY. had lump near thyroid. blood plasma has low levels of TSH?

A

graves disease

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103
Q

what stimulates secretion of GH

A

exercise

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104
Q

when really stressed, hormones?

A

increased secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) from HYPOTHALAMUS

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105
Q

ACTH from hypothalamus/adenohypophysis

A

during stress, secretion increased ACTH

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106
Q

if adrenal gland’s removed: plasma cortisol ____, secretion of CRH by the ____ would _____, secretion go ACTH by the _____ would ______.

A

plasma cortisol DECREASES
CRH secreted by HYPOTHALAMUS would INCREASE
ACTH secreted by ADENOHYPOPHYSIS would INCREASE

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107
Q

adrenal gland removal effects on cortisol

A

plasma cortisol DECREASES

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108
Q

adrenal gland removal effect on CRH

A

cortisol decrease and ACTH from HYPOTHALAMUS INCREASES

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109
Q

adrenal gland removal effect on ACTH

A

ACTH secretion INCREASES from hypothalamus/adenohypophysis
cortisol decreases
CRH increases from hypothalamus

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110
Q

precursor of cortisol is

A

progesterone made from cholesterol

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111
Q

cortisol is secreted by the

A

adrenal cortex when stimulated by ACTH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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112
Q

secreted ACTH?

A

anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone to stimulate cortisol synthesis in cortex

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113
Q

actions of ACTH

A

secreted from anterior pituitary, stimulates synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol/progesterone

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114
Q

EX of long loop negative feedback

A

Inhibition of GHRH release by IGF-1

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115
Q

median eminence of hypothalamus

A

site where neurohormones are released into blood vessels that pass directly to anterior pituitary

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116
Q

hormones that influence the secretion of other hormones?

A

tropic = trophic

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117
Q

TRUE of steroid hormones RECEPTORS

A

undergo allosteric modulation when bind,
in nucleus
may be proteins
regulate gene transcription
NOT synthesized from cholesterol

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118
Q

where to find steroid receptor

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

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119
Q

functions of liver

A

plasma proteins to bind hormones
secretes angiotensinogen
secrete IGF-1
clear hormones from plasma

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120
Q

disease of ribosomes in anterior pituitary affects which hormones ?

A

GH

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121
Q

characteristic of cells that secrete steroid hormone?

A

abundant smooth ER and FEW SECRETORY GRANULES
adrenal cortex, gonads/placenta

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122
Q

true of hormones

A

sometimes secreted by neural tissue
can be local regulators and NTs
secreted by ductless glands
influences/influenced by nervous system

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123
Q

NOT true of endocrine system

A

NOT anatomically connected

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124
Q

rate limiting step of steroid hormone synthesis

A

cholesterol transported to inner mitochondria to be converted into pregnenolone = RDS

in the cytoplasm, its converted to progesterone and converted in ER to cortisol

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125
Q

ER for steroid hormone synthesis

A

smooth ER

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126
Q

where are chromatin cells

A

adrenal glands or ganglia
release catecholamines

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127
Q

RIA radioimmunoassay

A

competitive assay to measure hormone levels

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128
Q

ghrelin?

A

appetite stimulant
secreted by stomach during fasting
acts on HYPOTHALAMUS
works in anticipation of food = highest gherkin before meals

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129
Q

happens during fasting

A

blood insulin drops and ghrelin INCREASES
ghrelin binds its receptor and stimulates release of GH

130
Q

ghrelin stimulates?

A

released from stomach in fasting
stimulates GH from pituitary gland to MOBILIZE E stores and prevent hypoglycemia

131
Q

ghrelin + correlated with…

A

GH from pituitary gland to mobilize E stores to prevent HYPOGLYCEMIA

132
Q

GH + correlated with

A

GHRELIN from stomach stimulates GH during fasting to mobilize E stores and prevent hypoglycemia

133
Q

effects of GH during fast

A

mobilizes E stores by promoting lipolysis of adipose and inhibits glucose uptake to increase blood glucose and prevent hypoglycemia
in liver, GH enhances gluconeogenesis and autophagy

134
Q

GH on liver

A

stimulated by ghrelin, enhances gluconeogenesis and autophagy

135
Q

autophagy

A

(of liver): TURNOVER
GH induces liver lysosomal degradation and recycling to engulf and catabolize intracellular materials to regenerate new

136
Q

lipolysis

A

induced by GH in response to high ghrelin
energy metabolism in adipose releases free fatty acids for energy and preventing hypoglycemia during fasting

137
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

hepatic
stimulated by GH in response to ghrelin
LIVER (kidneys): de novo synthesis of glucose from noncarb. precursors to maintain blood glucose and prevent hypoglycemia during fasting
(glucose can be synthesized from lactate, glycerol, AA)

138
Q

de novo glucose synthesis

A

haptic liver gluconeogenesis stimulated by GH during fast (high ghrelin) from non-carbohydrate sources

139
Q

relationship between blood glucose and triglycerides

A

triglycerides are fat stores of E that liver can use in gluconeogenesis during a fast
when blood glucose FALLS, hepatic triglycerides also DECREASE

140
Q

GH actions during starve

A

insulin drops.
ghrelin stimulates GH to act on liver and adipose in lipolysis to release fatty acids, induce hepatic autophagy and gluconeogenesis and prevent hypoglycemia
hepatic triglycerides decrease

141
Q

primary target of GH

A

liver receptors
then secondary adipose - lipolysis

142
Q

leptin

A

feeling full, suppress hunger

143
Q

RIA materials

A

radioactively labeled hormone of interest = LIGAND
unlabeled hormone competitor
Artificial Antibody = RECEPTOR

144
Q

RIA

A

competitive assay to determine hormone levels
hormone = ligand
antibody = receptor
Radioactive hormone and unlabeled hormone compete to bind same sites on Abs & bind proportionally to respective concentrations

145
Q

RIA experiment 1

A
  1. test tubes 1-5 have increasing amounts of radioactive hormone
    all tubes have same amount of antibody receptors
  2. let hormone (ligands) bind AB receptor and come to EQ
  3. precipitate and wash Abs
  4. measure radioactivity and create standard curve of binding
146
Q

RIA experiment 2

A
  1. choose hormone dose and set up test tubes 1-5 with same dose of radioactive hormone and same amount of antibody receptors
  2. add increasing amounts of unlabeled, competing hormone to each tube
  3. precipitate and wash ABs to quantify radioactivity vs hormone conc.
    determine amount of unknown hormone with decreasing standard curve
147
Q

secretion

A

rate depends on stimulatory/inhibtory inputs
= exocytosis from cell

148
Q

plasma conc of ions/nutrients

A

influences Hormone Secretion through NEGATIVE = feedback loop
EX: insulin secretion stimulated by high glucose conc.
insulin acts on muscles and adipose to promote uptake/diffusion from blood into cytosol to restore normal blood glucose which decreases insulin
EX: decrease in plasma Ca2+ concentration stimulates PTH secretion to increase Ca2+ release into blood and restore to normal

149
Q

hormone secretion controlled neuronally

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic inputs
- adrenal medulla is modified sympathetic ganglion and stimulates by sympathetic preganglionic fibers

150
Q

hormone secretion controlled by other hormones

A

Permissiveness: hormone A is necessary for full functional effect of hormone B
(may up-regulate or enhance effect)
Hormone A stimulates secretion of B
Tropic / trophic = stimulates secretion of next hormone

151
Q

tropic

A

stimulates secretion of another hormone

152
Q

where is synthesis of thyroid hormone

A

follicular epithelial cells and EC colloid

153
Q

T4

A

main secretory product = thyroxine
converts into T3

154
Q

thyroxine

A

T4 = main secretory product converted into T3

155
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine is main ACTIVE thyroid hormone and has receptors all over body so effects are vast
T4 converts in to T3

156
Q

triiodothyronine

A

T3 = main ACTIVE thyroid hormone

157
Q

follicular epithelial cells

A

surround colloid, site of thyroid hormone synthesis

158
Q

colloid

A

thyroglobulin protein rich core of follicular epithelial cells

159
Q

stimulation of thyroid hormone production

A

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone FROM HYPOTHALAMUS stimulates secretion of TSH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

160
Q

what stimulates thyroid hormone production

A

TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH from anterior pituitary

161
Q

where is TSH from

A

anterior pituitary
stimulated by TRH of hypothalamus

162
Q

general synthesis of thyroid hormone

A
  1. TRH from hypothalamus stims TSH of anterior pituitary
  2. iodide trapping: iodide and Na+ transported across follicular epithelial cells and Na+ pumped back out with pump
  3. I is transported by PENDRIN into colloid
  4. in colloid, enzymes oxidize/organifi and attach iodide into iodine-thyroglobulin complex
  5. ring of 1 complex removed and coupled to another DIT forms T4/T3
  6. part of colloid w iodinated thyroglobulin is endocytose and hormones released into blood with carrier proteins/transports
163
Q

require transporter in blood

A

thyroid hormones and steroids

164
Q

thyroid adaptation

A

ability to store iodinated-thyroglobulin in colloid is necessary given the unpredictable intake of iodine in diet

165
Q

thyroid hormone feedback

A

thyroid hormones exert NEG - feedback to inhibit anterior pituitary (TSH) and hypothalamus (TRH)

166
Q

thyroid hormones actions

A

like steroids, alter gene transcription and protein synthesis
T3 stims carb absorption and fatty acid release from adipose
provides E (fatty acid release w/ epinephrine) to maintain high metabolism
regulates synthesis of GH
T3 stims chondrocyte differentiation and growth new blood vessels

167
Q

Energy use in thyroid hormone synthesis

A

E to pump Na/K+ pump
- uses ATP
ATP concentration controlled by - feedback of T3/T4
decrease in ATP releases NEG feedback and triggers increase in glycolysis to restore ATP conc.

168
Q

permissive action of thyroid hormone

A

on catecholamines (sympathetic activity)
T3 up regulates beta-adrenergic receptors of epinephrine so more sensitive
- synergistic with epinephrine to stimulate release of fatty acids from adipose

169
Q

hypothyroidism

A

iodine deficiency = synthesis T3 compromised
1. decrease in T3 releases NEG - feedback on hypothalamus/anterior pituitary
2. TRH and TSH secretion increase in portal circulation
3. overstimulation of thyroid gland by increased TRH and TSH secretion produces goiters

170
Q

causes of hyposecretion

A

enzyme deficiency (iodine)
gland damage

171
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

T3 absent
loss of negative feedback = increased secretion of TRH and TSH which overstimulate thyroid and produce goiters

172
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

autoimmune cells attach thyroid
T3 conc. decreases as thyroid losses function and TRH/TSH increase from loss of NEG - feedback
overstimulation of gland = hypertrophy/goiter
treatment: T4 pill

173
Q

graves disease

A

autoimmune - produce antibodies that bind and activate TSH receptors on thyroid = chronic overstimulation of gland

174
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

excess glucocorticoids (cortisol) even in non-stress may be ACTH secreting tumor of anterior pituitary
high cortisol conc. promotes uncontrolled catabolism of bone

175
Q

high cortisol conc. effects

A

uncontrolled catabolism of bone

176
Q

pituitary gland

A

hypophysis
below hypothalamus and connected by infundibulum

177
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

178
Q

infundibulum

A

pituitary stalk connects hypophysis/pituitary gland to hypothalamus

179
Q

median eminence

A

Junction ~ hypothalamus and infundibulum
capillaries of median eminence form the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal and allow blood to be directly delivered from ME to anterior pituitary

180
Q

portal

A

veins/vessels that connect ~ capillaries
portal vessels drain into capillaries of anterior pituitary
allow blood to be delivered directly from ME to anterior pituitary

181
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary arose embryonically

182
Q

posterior pituitary gland origin

A

extension of hypothalamus
AXONS of hypothalamus terminate on posterior pituitary capillaries

183
Q

axons of hypothalamus

A

terminate on capillaries of posterior pituitary

184
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

peptides: oxytocin and vasopressin

185
Q

oxytocin from?

A

posterior pituitary

186
Q

vasopressin from?

A

posterior pituitary

187
Q

vasopressin action

A

ADH acts on smooth muscle of blood vessels to cause their contraction which constricts and INCREASES BP
in kidneys:
decrease excretion to retain fluid and maintain blood volume

188
Q

increase BP?

A

ADH = vasopressin constricts blood vessels by contracting smooth muscle cells

189
Q

diuresis

A

increase in water excreted in urine

190
Q

hypophysiotropic hormones

A

produced in hypothalamus, regulate secretion of anterior pituitary

neuronal secretions terminate on median eminence around capillaries
APs cause nuerons to exocytose hormones

191
Q

hypophysiotropic hormones

A

produced by hypothalamus
control secretion of anterior pituitary
hypothalamus axons terminate in median eminence around capillaries
WORK in 3-hormone SEQUENCE

192
Q

hypothalamic vs hypophysiotropic hormones

A

hypophysiotropic = produced by hypothalamus NEURONS and axons terminate in median eminence around capillaries to control secretions of anterior pituitary

hypothalamic: enter median eminence capillaries and are carried by portal vessels to anterior pituitary gland

193
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

enter median eminence capillaries and are carried by portal vessels to anterior pituitary
ACT in HIGH CONC.
little blood flow in portal veins allows little hormone to control anterior pituitary and prevent unintended effects

194
Q

hypophysiotropic 3 hormone sequence

A

DA is exception
1. hypophysiotropic hormone controls excretion of anterior pituitary hormone which controls secretion of
2. hormone from some other gland that acts on target cells

195
Q
A
196
Q

hypothalamic hormones

A

enter median eminence capillaries and are carried by portal vessels to regulate anterior pituitary secretions
ACT in high conc bc low blood in portal veins which prevents unintended effects

197
Q

hypothalamic vs hypophysiotropic hormones

A

hypothalamic - carried in portal vessels to anterior pituitary, act in high conc.
bind to membrane receptors

hypophysiotropic - neuronal, terminate in median eminence around capillaries

198
Q

hypophysiotropic 3 hormone sequence

A
  1. hypophysiotropic hormone controls secretion of
  2. anterior pituitary hormone which controls secretion of
  3. other endocrine gland hormone that acts on target cell
199
Q

value of hypophysiotropic 3 hormone sequence

A
  • feedback
  • amplification into large peripheral hormonal signal
200
Q

6 anterior pituitary hormones

A

gonadotropic: FSH and LH
GH = somatotropin
TSH = thyrotropin
Prolactin
ACTH = adrenocorticotropic

201
Q

gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH by anterior pituitary stimulate the gonads

202
Q

somatotropin

A

Growth hormone GH

203
Q

GH other name

A

somatotropin, from anterior pituitary

204
Q

TSH other name

A

thyrotropin, from anterior pituitary

205
Q

thyrotropin

A

TSH, from anterior pituitary

206
Q

FSH and LH roles

A

secreted by anterior pituitary onto gonads

207
Q

GH roles = somatotropin

A

secreted from anterior pituitary onto LIVER and other
LIVER secretes IGF-1

208
Q

stimulates IGF-1 secretion

A

anterior pituitary releases GH (somatotropin) to act on LIVER to secrete IGF-1

209
Q

GH somatropin target

A

LIVER
secretes IGF-1
and metabolism

210
Q

TSH role

A

anterior pituitary releases TSH onto THYROID
to stimulate T3/T4

211
Q

prolactin

A

from anterior pituitary acts on breasts
during lactation, inhibits gonadotropin secretion

212
Q

ACTH role

A

secreted from anterior pituitary onto ADRENAL CORTEX to secrete CORTISOL

213
Q

target of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex to release cortisol

214
Q

stimulus for cortisol

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary onto adrenal CORTEX

215
Q

ACTH stimulus

A

CRH = corticotropin RH in hypothalamus stimulates ACTH from anterior pituitary

216
Q

stimulus for GH release

A

GHRH in hypothalamus stimulates secretion of GH (SST) from anterior pituitary

217
Q

stimulus for TSH thyrotropin

A

TRH thyrotropin RH in hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH and then thyroid produces T3/4

218
Q

GnRH

A

of hypothalamus, stimulate secretion of gonadotropins FSH and LH

219
Q

2 inhibitory hypophysiotropic hormones

A
  1. somatostatin SST INHIBITS GH
  2. DA inhibits secretion of prolactin
220
Q

inhibits GH?

A

SST inhibitory hypophysiotropic

221
Q

inhibits prolactin

A

DA hypophysiotropic

222
Q

Double control of GH

A
  1. Inhibitory: SST
  2. Stimulatory: GHRH
223
Q

SST

A

hypophysiotropic hormone inhibits GH on anterior pituitary

224
Q

neural control of hypophysiotropic hormones

A
  • CNS inputs and neural pathways
  • NTs (catecholamines and serotonin) synapse on neurons
  • drugs
  • circadian rhythm
225
Q

GH conc. depends on

A

relative amounts of SST and GHRH

226
Q

influence on CRH

A

circadian influence on CRH – ACTH – cortisol

227
Q

hormonal feedback control of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

NEGATIVE feedback reduces secretions
- EX: neg. feedback on CRH – ACTH –cortisol as cortisol rises
LONG LOOP NEG FEEDBACK

228
Q

long loop negative feedback

A

EX: cortisol on CRH, ACTH
3rd endocrine hormone secreted exerts - feedback over anterior pituitary or hypothalamus

229
Q

3rd endocrine hormone exerts neg. feedback on anterior pituitary/hypothalamus

A

long loop negative feedback
- controls hypophysiotropic hormones

230
Q

how does prolactin exert NEG feedback?

A

short loop negative feedback
prolactin acts on hypothalamus to secrete DA to inhibit prolactin secretion

231
Q

long loop neg feedback EX

A

cortisol on ACTH, CRH

232
Q

short loop negative feedback

A

influence of anterior pituitary hormone ON HYPOTHALAMUS
EX: prolactin stimulates DA release to inhibit prolactin

233
Q

controls on thyroid hormone

A

TRH stimulates TSH stimulates follicular epithelial cells
T3/4 exert negative feedback on anterior pituitary

234
Q

TSH stimulates…

A

T3/4 thyroid production
- increase protein synthesis in follicular epithelial cells
- inc. DNA rep and cell division and rough ER machinery

235
Q

overexposure of / HIGH TSH conc.

A

hypertrophy of thyroid - goiters

236
Q

thyroid hormone for temperature homeostasis

A

Na/K+ pump uses up ATP stores
induce glycolysis to make more ATP
glycolysis has HEAT by-product
heat plays into temp homeostasis of body

237
Q

different stimuli for ACTH of anterior pituitary

A
  1. CRH from hypothalamus
  2. Vasopressin - Hypothalamus/POSTERIOR pituitary
  3. cytokines
238
Q

permissiveness of CORTISOL

A

with epinephrine/norepineprhine
on blood vessels smooth muscle cells
cortisol helps maintain BP

239
Q

low cortisol

A

low BP
(permissive with epi/norepinephrine on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels
overreactive immune system

240
Q

systemic actions of cortisol

A

help maintain BP
anti-inflammatory, anti-immune
- cortisol inhibits production of inflammatory bodies and suppresses growth of lymphocytes
= brake on immune system to prevent overreactions to minor infections in absence of cortisol
- fetal tissue differentiation

241
Q

cortisol and stress

A
  1. mobilize E sources
  2. catabolism liberates AAs for hepatic gluconeogenesis and tissue repair
  3. enhances sensitivity and contractibility/vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle in response to norepinephrine
  4. suppress potentially damaging inflammation
  5. suppress non essential functions
242
Q

chronic stress

A

loss of muscle tone, compromised immune system is vulnerable, delayed puberty/suppressed growth/low fertility

243
Q

low BP and low glucose patients

A

adrenal insufficiency
need cortisol permissiveness with epinephrine

244
Q

hypothalamus project axons

A
  1. to median eminence: hypophysiotrophic hormones circulate to anterior pituitary to secrete tropic hormones of EPITHELIAL ORIGIN
  2. to posterior pituitary
245
Q

anterior pituitary hormone origin

A

EPITHELIAL origin
tropic hormones

246
Q

hypophysiotropic hormone origin

A

hypothalamus - NEURONAL

247
Q

requirements for thyroid hormone production

A

iodine

248
Q

TRH fast facts

A

tripeptide synthesized in paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
binds Gq receptor on pituitary thyrotopes
- median eminence portal circulation
- stimulates TSH glycoprotein

249
Q

TSH fast facts

A

glycoprotein with alpha and beta subunit

250
Q

thyroid hormone critical functions

A
  1. permissive in sensitizing tissues to epinephrine for fatty acids lipolysis and E
  2. accelerate metabolism
  3. influence growth and development - SYNERGIZE w GH
251
Q

colloid

A

acellular
produces thyroid hormones produced
lining around is acinar cells: secrete into colloid and endocytose to release hormone

252
Q

concentrate iodine into colloid

A

follicular epithelial cells

253
Q

acinar cells

A

TSH receptor
lining of colloid;
endocytose to release hormones

254
Q

TSH receptor

A

on thyroid = acinar cell lining of colloid
receptor is GPCR that activates/couples Gq and Gs pathways

255
Q

TSH functions on thyroid

A

stimulate release of hormones from follicular epithelial cells
- increase exocytosis of thyroglobulin from colloid to be released

256
Q

graves disease auto-antibodies

A

mimic TSH and overstimulate thyroid

257
Q

thyroid hormone delivery/transport

A

T4 much higher concentration and locally converted to T3 at target
T3 lower concentration
- Bound to TBG (thyroxine binding globulin) and albumin
- binds RxR receptor in cytoplasm to translocate into nucleus for genomic effects

258
Q

thyroid hormone receptor

A

RxR receptor in cytoplasm allows TH to translocate into nucleus for genomic effects

259
Q

RxR receptor

A

for thyroid hormone
in cytoplasm, allows translocation into nucleus for genomic effects

260
Q

T3 gene regulation

A

T3-RxR receptor complex can bind a DNA element and do histone acetylation so chromatin opens up
- activate fatty acid synthetase
- negative feedback is genomic!!!

261
Q

CRH-ACTH pathway

A
  1. CRH produced in hypothalamus (or cytokines or Vasopressin)
  2. portal circulation
  3. anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
  4. ACTH circulates systemically to target adrenal cortex
  5. increase cortisol synthesis - steroid

maintains BP, permissive to epinephrine/norepi.
mobilize E stores
glucocorticoid: release AA and fatty acids, increase glucose w hepatic gluconeogenesis. brakes inflammation. muscle catabolism

multiple levels of negative feedback on hypothalamus or anterior pituitary = short/long loops

262
Q

cortisol regulation

A
  • negative feedback
    ACTH released from anterior pituitary corticotrophs
    binds G-coupled receptor on adrenal cortex stimulates adenylyl cyclase
    long term activation = up-regulates enzymes required for its synthesis like P450 enzymes and LDL receptors to take in cholesterol
263
Q

regulation of GH

A

exercise, stress, fasting, low glucose, sleep

released by anterior pituitary
stimulates LIVER to release IGF-1 & + stimulate hypothalamus to secrete SST which inhibits anterior pituitary & GH inhibits hypothalamus from secreting GHRH

264
Q

more facts on GH

A

released in bursts
NOT constitutive
stims LIver to secrete IGF1
Adipose: increase lipolysis (please FAs), dec. glucose uptake
Liver: gluconeogenesis, inc. IGF1
Muscle - decrease glucose uptake, increase protein synthesis = anabolic
chondrocytes: EC matrix and stimulate growth

265
Q

plasma GH graphs show most release…

A

in deep sleep, stimulates GH release

266
Q

IGF-1 system

A

released from liver by GH
- multiple binding proteins that modulate their activity
- similar effects as insulin
anabolic, lower glucose growth, proliferation
work in higher range

267
Q

AKT-TOR pathway

A

anabolic; synthesis
in IGF-1 pathway

268
Q

IGF-1 pathway

A

AKT-TOR is anabolic; synthesis
promotes proliferation
IGF-1 acts through P13-kinase to activate AKT and induce anabolic state
- FOXO inhibited by AKT activity
- FOXO promotes catabolism

269
Q

IGF-2 similar to …

A

insulin but need higher conc.
lower glucose, anabolic, proliferation, growth

270
Q

IGF-1 effects on skeletal muscle

A

IGF-1 over expression express AKT and = muscle hypertrophy
- inhibits FOXO
active FOXO = atrophy

271
Q

FOXO

A

promotes catabolism
inhibited by AKT activity
AKT-TOR anabolic state stimulated by P13-kinase

272
Q

IGF-1 longevity

A

loss of IGF-1 receptor = increased lifespan (metabolism and anabolic)
activated of FOXO = increased lifespan (turnover of protein)

273
Q

major hormones influencing growth

A
  1. GH - differentiation, stim liver to secrete IGF-1, protein synthesis
  2. insulin
  3. TH - permissive for GH
  4. Androgens
  5. Cortisol - inhibits growth, stimulates catabolism
274
Q

gigantism

A

before puberty
excess GH
super tall, enlarged features

275
Q

acromegaly

A

adulthood
enlarged hands, feet, and facial features
excess GH

276
Q

Hormones that favor bone formation and Increased bone mass

A

insulin
IGF-1
Androgens
Calcitonin

277
Q

Hormones that factor decreased bone mass

A

Parathyroid hormone
cortisol
T3 thyroid

278
Q

endocrine case study of increased IGF-1

A
  1. GH secreting anterior pituitary hormone
  2. increase in GH conc.
    - has anti-insulin effects
  3. increase liver secretion of IGF-1
    IGF-1 promotes growth leading to gigantism, acromegaly

IGF-1 can inhibit GHRH in hypothalamus
can stimulate SST in hypothalamus to inhibit GH
can inhibit anterior pituitary release of GH

279
Q

other hormones released during stress

A
  1. insulin DEC.
    (insulin stimulates uptake of glucose into adipose)
  2. vasopressin and aldosterone: retain water and Na+
    - increase hepatic gluconeogenesis
    inc. lipolysis by epinephrine and TH
280
Q

vasopressin effect

A

increase renal water (and Na+) retention
antidiuresis
- from posterior pituitary
vaso dilator constricts blood vessels and maintain BP and blood volume

281
Q

aldosterone during stress

A

ion balance
retain Na+

282
Q

insulin during stress

A

decreases
insulin stimulates uptake of glucose by adipose
opp of lipolysis

283
Q

norepinephrine in stress

A

from sympathetic neurons
increase heart rate and respiration

284
Q

BONE GROWTH

A

bone is metabolically active of protein collagen and calcium and phosphates
divided into epiphysis and shaft

285
Q

epiphysis

A

end of bone, connects to joint

286
Q

epiphyseal growth plate

A

actively proliferating cartilage (connective tissue of collagen/proteins) convert cartilage into bone

287
Q

convert cartilage into bone

A

epiphyseal growth plate

288
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming cells at shaft/epiphyseal growth plate
convert cartilage to bone

289
Q

bone forming cells

A

osteoblasts
convert cartilage to bon eat epiphyseal growth plate

290
Q

chondrocytes

A

lay down new cartilage in interior of plate

291
Q

lay down new cartilage in interior of growth plate

A

chondrocytes
cartilage formation

292
Q

epiphyseal closure

A

epiphyseal growth plate eventually converts into bone

293
Q

GH effects on bone

A

stims cell division in target
promotes bone growth, stims cell division of chondrocytes

294
Q

GH and muscle

A

GH stimulates protein synthesis
anabolic, AA uptake and synthesis

295
Q

GH metabolic effects

A

lipolysis releases FAs into blood from adipose
stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis
inhibits insulin from decreasing blood glucose (anti-insulin)

296
Q

why does fasting, exercise, stress stimulate GH

A

need increased energy available

297
Q

Ca2+ homeostasis

A

depends on kidneys, GI, and bone

298
Q

osteoid

A

collagen matrix of bone

299
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts when calcified matrix
- cells in mature bone
form TJs

300
Q

mature, calcified osteoblasts

A

osteocytes
form TJs

301
Q

osteoclasts

A

large multinucleate cells that catabolize/reabsorb formed bone by secreting H ions which dissolve crystals, and enzymes which digest Osteoid

reabsorb old bone and then osteoblasts move in and lay new matrix, which becomes mineralized into osteocytes

302
Q

large multinucleate cells that reabsorb bone so osteoblasts can lay a new matrix

A

osteoclasts = catabolize bone

303
Q

1,25-dihydrozyvitamin D and Ca2+

A

steroid, active hormone
kidneys
STIMULATES intestinal reabsorption of Ca2+

304
Q

posterior vs anterior pituitary origin of hormones

A

anterior pituitary secretes tropic hormones of EPITHELIAL OG

posterior pituitary - supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei synapse = NEURONAL

305
Q

3 hypophysiotropic hormones on anterior pituitary tropic hormones

A
  1. CRH – ACTH – cortisol
  2. TRH – TSH – Thyroid
  3. GHRH – GH – IGF-1
306
Q

sex hormones and bone growth

A

stimulate bone growth and ultimately stop pit with epiphyseal closure
androgens anabolic

307
Q

rickets and osteomalacia

A

kids; adults
deficient mineralization of bone causing soft, fragile bones = bowlegged from weak legs
CAUSED: deficient vitamin D

308
Q

disease of deficient vitamin D

A

rickets or osteomalacia
weak bones, soft

309
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone matrix and minerals are lost
imbalance of reabsorption and formation
CAUSE: excessive reabsorption by thyroid, cortisol, parathyroid
OR deficient bone formation (insulin, IGF-1, calcitonin, androgens)

310
Q

benign tumor

A

adenoma

311
Q

EX cause of hypertrophy

A

GH and IGF-1

312
Q

predict conc of GHRH and SST in portal blood in person w loss of anterior pituitary function (somatotroph)

A

HIGH GH and IGF-1 without any negative feedback
hypertrophy

313
Q

DA controls anterior pituitary hormone

A

prolactin
DA is amine derived of hypothalamus

314
Q

epinephrine is permissive with

A

T3 and cortisol

315
Q

SST released from

A

digestive organs like pancreas to inhibit GH from hypothalamus/anterior pituitary

316
Q

hormone conceptual: INCREASE hormone on endocrine cell

A

increase stimulus = secretes more hormone so conc. hormone increases immediately
increase in hormone secretion also increases more negative - feedback

steady state: return to normal thru NEG feedback

317
Q

conceptual: inhibit stimulus for hormone secretion

A

less secretion of hormone = less effect and less NEF feedback
IMMEDIATE: decrease hormone conc.
in absence of neg. feedback, hormone secretion increases
STEADY STATE: return to normal

318
Q

conceptual: DEC. # hormone receptors

A

less receptors = less effect of hormone
less effect = less NEG feedback so hormone secretion INC.
STEADY STATE: hormone conc. increases in absence of neg. feedback

319
Q

conceptual: endocrine cell response to EFFECT if facilitated (enhanced)

A

enhanced effect = more negative feedback
STEADY STATE: decrease hormone conc. w more neg. feedback from enhanced effect

320
Q

conceptual: INCREASE carrier protein conc. / synthesis by liver

A

more hormone is bound in complex, effectively inactive, effectively reduced effect = less negative feedback
less negative feedback from bound hormones that cannot be active induces INC in hormone secretion/conc.

vert physics exam 1 study (11 decks)

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