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physiology exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

sensory system

A

part of NS consisting of sensory receptors that receive stimuli, neural pathways to conduct info, and brain to process info

may or may not lead to lead to conscious awareness of stimuli
(DONT notice BP changes)

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2
Q

sensation

A

stimulus info reaches consciousness

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3
Q

perception

A

awareness of sensation

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4
Q

sensation ex

A

feel pain

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5
Q

sensory processing

A

Transduction of stimulus energy into graded potentials and then APs in afferent neurons
Pattern of APs is a code that provides info about stimulus such as location, intensity and input type
Communicate with the brain to process info
May determine reflexive efferent responses, perception, memory storage, assignment of emotional significance

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6
Q

sensory receptors

A

at peripheral ends of afferent neurons change this info into graded potentials that can initiate APs to travel to CNS

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7
Q

adequate stimulus

A

type of stimulus which a particular receptor responds in normal functioning

a receptor may respond at low threshold to other stimuli

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7
Q

receptor

A

2 kinds
1. sensory receptor at peripheral end of afferent neurons trigger graded potentials to initiate APs
2. plasma membrane proteins that binds chemical messengers and trigger signal

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8
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical stimulus like pressure or stretch
- resp. for touch and muscle tension
stimuli alter the permeability of ion channels on receptor membrane, changing membrane potential Vm

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9
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect cold warmth sensations

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10
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to wave length

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11
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to binding of chemicals to membrane
smell and taste

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12
Q

nociceptors

A

sense pain due to tissue damage
can be activated by variety of stimuli (heat, chemical, mechanical)

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13
Q

sensory transduction

A

process a stimuli is transformed into electrical response
Regardless of OG form the signal that activates sensory receptors, the info must be translated into graded potentials or APs
- involves open/closing of ion channels
- gating of channels allows a change in ion flux across receptor membrane and produces graded potential called receptor potential

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14
Q

afferent neuron receptor potential for sensory transduction

A

receptor membrane region where initial ion channel changes does NOT generate APs
- local current flows a short distance. along axon to voltage gated ion channels and can generate APs
- usually 1st node of ranvier if myelinated

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15
Q

receptor potential

A

like graded potentials, response to intensities and diminishes as it travels

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16
Q

receptor potential when receptor membrane is on a separate cell

A

receptor potential releases NT
- NT diffuses across cleft ~ receptor/afferent neuron and binds receptor protein on afferent neuron
- junction is a synapse
- NT binds binding site generates graded potential in afferent neuron
- analogous to EPSP (or IPSP)

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17
Q

true of all graded potentials

A

magnitude of receptor potential or graded potential decreases with dist. from origin

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18
Q

graded to AP

A

if intensity of depolarization at 1st excitable node of ranvier in afferent neuron is large enough to bring membrane to threshold, APs are generated and propagate along afferent
as long as receptor potential keeps afferent neuron depolarized to level at/above threshold, APs fire and propagate

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19
Q

magnitude of receptor potential

A

determines frequency of APs,
does NOT determine amplitude of APs

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20
Q

factor control magnitude of receptor potential

A

stimulus strength, rate of change of stimulus strength, temporal summation of successive receptor potentials and
adaptation

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21
Q

adaptation

A

decrease in receptor sensitivity which results in decrease in AP freq. in afferent neuron despite continuous presence of stimulus

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22
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

tonic
maintain persistent or slowly decaying receptor potential during a constant stimulus
initiating APs in afferent neurons for duration of stimulus

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23
Q

tonic receptors

A

slowly adapting receptors
maintain persistent or slowly decaying receptor potential during a constant stimulus
initiating APs in afferent neurons for duration of stimulus

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24
rapidly adapting receptors
phasic receptors generate receptor potential and APs at onset of stimulus but quickly cease responding adaptation may be so quick that only 1 AP is generated some receptors may only initiate APs at onset of stimulus or w/ burst at beginning of stimulus
25
phasic receptors
rapidly adapting receptors generate receptor potential and APs at onset of stimulus but quickly cease responding adaptation may be so quick that only 1 AP is generated
26
coding
conversion of stimulus energy into signal that conveys relevant sensory info to CNS - begins at receptive neurons in PNS relevant info: - type of input - intensity -location of body
27
sensory unit
single afferent neurons with receptor endings - the peripheral end of an afferent neuron has many branches, each with a receptor
28
receptive field
area of body that leads to activity in particular afferent neuron when stimulated usually overlap other afferent neurons receptive fields so multiple sensory units activate
29
stimulus type
modality - temp, sound, pressure, taste given receptors are particularly sensitive to 1 modality bc of single transduction mechs and ion channels in membrane
30
modality
stimulus type - temp, sound, pressure
31
receptive fields overlap
a single stimulus can simultaneously give rise to sensations of different modalities EX: ice = touch and cold
32
stimulus intensity
APs all same amplitude FREQ. of APs increased stimulus strength = larger receptor potential = more frequent APs as stimulus strength increases, adj. receptors are activated = summation of local currents stronger stimuli affect larger area and can activate other afferent neurons
33
recruitment
activating receptors on additional adj. afferent neurons given strong stimulus
34
stimulus location
coded by site of stimulated receptor APs from each receptor travel unique pathways to specific regions of CNS assoc. w/ specific modalities and locations = labeled lines
35
labeled lines
APs from each stimulated receptor travel unique pathways to specific regions of CNS assoc. w/ specific modalities and locations
36
acuity
precision of locate/discerning stimuli from adj. one depends on convergence of neural input greater convergence = less acuity factors affecting acuity: 1. size of receptive field 2. density of sensory units 3. amount of overlap in nearby receptive fields neuron w/ small receptive field can be located most precisely but receptive field overlap can help with localization of stimuli
37
acuity example
2 pt discrimination easy to distinguish stimuli applied to skin on lips were sensory units are small and numerous hard on back w/ few sensory units that are large and spaced
38
importance of receptive field overlap
afferent neurons respond most vigorously to stimuli applied directly at center of its receptive field bc there is greatest receptor density decreased response at periphery firing freq. of afferent neuron related to stimuli strength receptor endings of different afferent neurons overlap, a stimulus will trigger activity in 1+ sensory unit.
39
high freq. EX
moderately intense stimulus was applied at center of receptive field OR strong stimulus was applied at periphery Therefore, neither intensity nor the location of stimulus can be detected w/ single afferent neuron.
40
lateral inhibition
enables localization of stimulus site info from receptors at edge of stimulus is INHIBITED compared to info from afferent neurons at the center afferent neurons in center have higher firing freq. - reduces # of APs
41
lateral inhibition EX
press in a pencil on skin - can localize point precisely lateral inhibition removes info from peripheral regions
42
lateral inhibition importance
in retina for visual acuity
43
central control of afferent info
all signals subject to mods at synapses along pathways before reaching CNS lateral inhibition reduces incoming info RETICULAR FORMATION & CEREBRAL CORTEX control input of afferent info via descending pathways inhibitory control by synapses or via interneurons that affect other neurons in pathway
44
afferent sensory pathways
formed by chains of 3+ neurons connected by synapses chains travel in bundles carrying info into CNS called ASCENDING PATHWAYS up to brain
45
central processes of afferent neurons
synapse on interneurons diverge or converge on second order neurons and so on til info coded in APs reaches cerebral cortex
46
second order neurons
interneurons upon which afferent neurons synapse go on to synapse on 3rd order... up to cerebral cortex (coded in APs)
47
ending of ascending pathways
pass brainstem and thalamus to cerebral cortex - cross to side of CNS opposite the location of sensory receptors
48
somatic receptors
carry info from skin/bone/tendons, etc to somatosensory cortex in parietal love posterior to central sulcus
49
central sulcus
separates pariental and frontal loves
50
somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe, posterior to central sulcus
51
visual cortex
occipital lobe
52
auditory cortex
temporal lobe
53
gustatory cortex
tastebuds, adj. to somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
54
olfactory cortex
under frontal/temporal loves
55
end point of processing afferent info
cerebral cortex integration
55
Golgi tendon organs
monitor muscle tension tendons connect muscle to bone
56
nonspecific ascending pathways
activated by diff. types of sensory units nonspecific neuron is polymodal neuron end points: brainstem reticular formation and thalamus --> cerebral cortex
57
cortical association areas
adj. areas to primary sensory area process info further from primary sensory areas
58
factors affecting perception
1. sensory receptor mechs (adaptation) 2. emotions, personality, experience 3. not all sensory info gives rise to conscious sensation - much info is canceled out 4. we lack suitable receptors for many types of stimuli 5. damaged neural networks may give faulty perceptions - phantom limb 6. drugs 7. mental illness - hallucinations
59
cortical assoc. area
region of cerebral cortex where info from primary sensory cortical areas is relayed for further processing
60
somatic sensation
Sensation from the skin, skeletal muscles, bones, tendons, and joints is initiated by specific somatic receptors
61
touch and pressure
mechanoreceptors stimulation linked to networks of collagen fibers within fluid filled capsule networks transmit mechanical tension to ion channels in neuron endings, activate them slowly adapting receptors = pressure sensation rapidly adapting = touch, move, vibrations
62
Merkel’s corpuscle
lowly adapting mechanoreceptor, touch and pressure
63
Pacinian corpuscles
rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor, vibration and deep pressure
64
Ruffini corpuscle
slowly adapting mechanoreceptor, skin stretch
65
posture and movement
muscle spindle stretch receptors and Golgi tendon organs mechanoreceptors in muscle and tendon Golgi tendon organs monitor muscle tension also, Vision and the vestibular organs kinesthesia = sense of movement at joint.
66
muscle spindle stretch receptors and Golgi tendon organs
mechanoreceptors for posture and movement Golgi tendon organs monitor muscle tension
67
temperature
info transmitted along small diameter afferent neurons with little/no myelination thermoreceptor neurons originate as free neuron endings temp sensors are ion channels in plasma membrane of axon terminals belonging to TRP transient receptor potential proteins isoforms of TRP channels have gates that open for diff temps when active/open, allow nonspecific flux of cations dominated by depolarizing inward flux of Na and Ca2+
68
transient receptor potential proteins
channels; actual temperature sensors are ion channels in the plasma membranes of the axon terminals Different isoforms of TRP channels have gates that open in differ- ent temperature ranges activate/open allows nonspecific inward flux of cations = depolarizing
69
TRP protein channels for TEMP
act as temp sensors 1. temps open gates of channel 2. allow nonspecific influx, dominated by Ca and Na+ = depolarizing 3. results in receptor potential initiating AP in afferent neuron 4. AP travels labeled line to brain to be perceived some TRPs can be opened by chem ligands - explains why capsaicin chem is perceived as hot and menthol as cool
70
pain and itch
nociceptors are free axon terminals of small diameter afferent neurons with little/no myelination bind to ligand gated ion channels on nociceptor plasma membrane - glutamate and substance P neuropeptide are NTs releases a synapse on ascending neurons
71
pain and itch NTs
glutamate and substance P neuropeptide are synapsed by nociceptor endings on ascending neurons
72
referred pain
incoming nociceptive afferents activate interneurons, where sensation of pain is experienced at site other than injured/diseased tissue EX: heart attack
73
referred pain EX
heart attack experience paining chest and arms exciting the somatic afferent fibers activate receptors
74
hyperalgesia
changes in nociceptors or ion channels result in increased sensitivity to painful stimuli
75
inhibiting pain
1. analgesia - selective suppression of pain w/out effects on consciousness or other sensations 2. stimulation produced analgesia inhibits pain pathways by electrical stimulation to CNS 3. endogenous opioids
76
stimulation produced analgesia
inhibits pain pathways by electrical stimulation to CNS descending pathways from the brain inhibit transmission of info from nociceptors some neurons in inhibitory pathway release endogenous opioids which inhibit propagation of input through higher order levels of pain system
77
endogenous opioids mediates placebo
acupuncture and placebo
78
acupuncture
activate afferent neurons leading to carinal cord/midbrain that release endogenous opioids and NTs for pain relief
79
TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
painful site itself/nerves leading from it are stimulated by electrodes placed on skin surface stimulation of non pain, low threshold afferent fibers leads to inhibition of neurons in pain pathway
80
itch
somatic sensation w/ pain signaling pathway can be mechanically activated to chemically mediated (anti/histamine)
81
neural pathway of somatosensory system
1. enter CNS, afferent nerve fibers from somatic receptors synapse on neurons of ascending pathways to somatosensory cortex via brainstem and thalamus 2. synaps eon interneurons 3. ...
82
2 somatosensory pathways
1. anterolateral pathway - spinothalamic 2. dorsal column pathway
83
anterolateral pathway
of somatosensory pathway spinothalamic 1. 1st synapse ~ neurons in gray matter of spinal cord 2. 2nd neuron crosses to OPPOSITE side and ascents to thalamus processes PAIN AND TEMP.
84
Which pathway processes pain?
somatosensory - anterolateral
85
Which pathway processes temp?
somatosensory - anterolateral
86
dorsal column pathway
of somatosensory process 1. section of white matter the sensory receptor neurons project 2. neurons do NOT immediately cross or synapse they ascend the same side and make 1st synapse in brainstem secondary neuron crosses in brainstem and ascends 2nd synapse is thalamus, projections sent to somatosensory cortex
87
compare anterolateral and dorsal column pathway
BOTH: somatosensory, 2nd synapse is thalamus both cross at diff times DIFF: dorsal - ascend on the same side of the cord and make the first synapse in the brainstem anterolateral - makes its first synapse in the gray matter of spinal cord. This second neuron immediately crosses to the opposite side and ascends to thalamus
88
somatosensory cortex end off pathway
endings of axons of specific somatic pathways are grouped by peripheral location of receptors that gave input areas of body that are most densely innervated have largest area of somatosensory cortex - overlap - sizes change with sensory experience
89
dynamic nature of somatosensory cortex
sizes change with sensory experience ex: phantom limb - reorganization. cortical areas formerly responsible for a missing limb are “rewired” to respond to sensory inputs originating in the face
90
afferent neurons
neurons carry information from sensory receptors towards CNS
91
visible light
400-750nm
92
the eye overview
3 layers, fluid filled, 2 chambers 1. sclera outer layer, white and tough connective tissue, muscles connect also forms cornea - clear and dense 2. choroid under sclera - colored and absorbs light at back of the eye (uvea) choroid contains iris (regulates pupil), ciliary muscle, zonular fibers = suspensory ligament 3. retina
93
sclera
outer layer of eye tough, fibrous white connective tissue that muscles attach to forms clear dense cornea
94
cornea
part of white sclera, dense and clear covers iris and allows light to enter can help focus image on retina
95
choroid
middle layer of eye under sclera absorbs light at back of the eye mainly blood vessels iris, ciliary muscle, zonular fibers = suspensory ligament
96
iris
part of choroid layer colored regulates pupil diameter 2 layers of smooth muscle innervated by autonomic nerves dilate: stim sympathetic nerves, cause radial muscle fibers to contract constrict: stim parasympathetic fibers integrate din midbrain
97
pupil
regulated by iris smooth muscles anterior opening allows light in
98
lens
behind the iris crytalline controlled by activity go ciliary muscle and tension of zonular fibers that determine shape and focusing power cells of lens lack ability to replicate except at surface with age, central part of lens becomes denser/stiff with cells
99
retina
formed as part of brain in embryo forms inner posterior surface of eye contains neurons and photoreceptors macula lutea - yellow spot , relatively free of blood vessels; processes image fovea centralis - in macula, high density of cones = high visual acuity optic disc = nasal side of retina, neurons carry info from photoreceptors exit the eye as optic nerve
100
2 chambers of eye
support aqueous humor - anterior chamber of eye between iris and cornea vitreous - posterior chamber of eye between lens and retina; viscous
101
refraction
bending light to focus image on retina lens refracts light inward, converges back into a point on retina retina better at focusing light
102
adjustments in lens shape
accommodation controlled by ciliary muscle and tension it applies to zonular fibers which Utah to ciliary muscles to lens
103
accommodation
adjustments in lens shape
104
kinesthesia
sense of movement of a joint
105
receptors for posture and movement
mechanoreceptors in skin, muscle, etc - muscle-spindle stretch receptors - golgi tendon organs (musc tension) - vision and vestibular organs
106
thermoreceptors
transmit temp info skinny NON-myelinated afferent neurons are FREE NEURONS ENDINGS (no capsular ending) temp sensor is ion channel in plasma membrane belonging to transient receptor potential proteins TRP proteins
107

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