Endocrinology (1B)

Question 1

Structure of a hormone dictates

Answer 1

site receptor and mechanism of actions

Question 2

Hormones can be (3):

Answer 2

Proteins, lipids, monoamines

Question 3

Water soluble hormones include:

Answer 3

Protein hormones (can be large or small) and catecholamines (DP,NE,A)

Question 4

Lipid soluble includes

Answer 4

Steroids, thyroid hormones, eicosanoids

Question 5

All steroids originate from cholesterol and originate from (3):

Answer 5

Adrenal cortex
Ovaries
Testes

Question 6

Thyroid hormones begin from ___ and are not ___.

Answer 6

Tyrosine, steroids

Question 7

Eicosanoids are

Answer 7

Arachonodic acid product

Question 8

Catecholamines begin with

Answer 8

Tyrosine

Question 9

Protein hormones are stored after synthesis in

Answer 9

Small granules (secretory granules) and structures close to the cell membrane

Question 10

Protein hormones flow from

Answer 10

Prehormone, prohormone (synthesis), pro hormone to hormone (packaging), storage as hormone and secretion as hormone and any “pro” hormone

Question 11

Steroid hormones are not ___ and are made on demand.

Answer 11

Stored

Question 12

Steroid hormones occurs when the cell makes cholesterol (triggered by another molecule) and depends on the concentration of ___ that dictate what hormone is made.

Answer 12

Enzyme

Question 13

Steroid hormones will __ out of the cell membrane and work on target cells by moving through the bloodstream by binding to a —- protein.

Answer 13

Diffuse, plasma (globulin, plasma protein)

Question 14

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are typically bound to

Answer 14

Plasma proteins

Question 15

Peptide hormones are ___ soluble

Answer 15

Water

Question 16

Hormones depend if it is freely —- and is based on their transport.

Answer 16

available

Question 17

Hormones can be activated by synthesis and ___. It can also be inactivated by metabolisms to be less active or ___.

Answer 17

Secretion, more

Question 18

Hormones will first act to bind to ___ and then post-receptor events (cell ___) will occur. The cell will then respond to the hormone and lead to cellular ___.

Answer 18

signalling, changes

Question 19

Steroid hormones will have ___ effect on the cell it acts on.

Answer 19

longer

Question 20

Some hormones like testosterone will not function in some tissue and thus must be ___ to function.

Answer 20

converted

Question 21

For each specific hormone, a ___ should ___ recognize and bind to the hormone.

Answer 21

receptor, selectively

Question 22

Binding of hormone and receptor help in ___-____ complex formation and leads to changes in target cell ____.

Answer 22

hormone- receptor, responses

Question 23

Cell surface receptors are used by (2):

Answer 23

protein hormones
catcholamines

Question 24

Intracellular receptors are ones that bind to:

Answer 24

thyroid hormones
steroid

Question 25

The ___ of the hormone will determine the type of receptor that it binds to.

Answer 25

solubility

Question 26

Cell surface receptors are involved in (2):

Answer 26

1. G protein linked receptors 2. Catalytic receptors

Question 27

The purpose of cell surface receptors are to allow cellular ___ and subsequent ___ mechanisms.

Answer 27

localization, activation

Question 28

G protein linked receptor is a type of ___ mechanism and involves examples such as ____ and glucagon.

Answer 28

activation, adrenaline

Question 29

The first signal is the ___ produced by the cell and docks at the cell membrane.

Answer 29

hormone

Question 30

The G protein will be activated upon formation of the ___-___ complex and it will go to activate the enzyme to form a ___ messenger.

Answer 30

hormone-receptor, second

Question 31

The second messenger will activate a protein kinase whose role is protein _____.

Answer 31

phosphorylation

Question 32

Protein kinase is an _____.

Answer 32

enzyme

Question 33

Examples of enzymes include ___ cyclase and _____ C.

Answer 33

adenylate, phospholipase

Question 34

Adenylate cyclase is the enzyme that will activate the second messenger ___ and initiate phosphorylation activity by ___.

Answer 34

cAMP, PKA

Question 35

Phospholipase C will result in second messengers ___ and ___. The first will activate the protein kinase complex (PKC). The second is responsible for influencing Ca2+ binding with ___.

Answer 35

DAG, IP3, calmodulin

Question 36

Calcium-calmodulin complexes will lead to Ca2+-calmodulin ____ kinases.

Answer 36

dependent

Question 37

Why are hormones not required in very highly concentrated amounts?

Answer 37

due to the amplification of the signal

Question 38

There is the possibility for two ___ pathways to occur when a hormone binds to the receptor.

Answer 38

parallel

Question 39

Catalytic receptors include

Answer 39

Insulin and GH

Question 41

T/F: Part of the catalytic receptor has an enzyme activity with the catalytic properties.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Part of the receptor will stick out of the into —, inside the membrane and, intracellular.

Answer 42

extracellular side

Question 43

The enzyme component is the tyrosine ___ and it can auto phosphorylate itself. It can also phosphorylate ___ substances.

Answer 43

kinase, downstream

Question 44

Tyrosine kinase is on the ___ side.

Answer 44

intracellular

Question 45

The protein phosphorylation of substrates will allow cell ___ as it continues to phosphorylate.

Answer 45

response

Question 46

Biological reply is largely ___ from tyrosine activity.

Answer 46

amplified

Question 47

Tyrosine kinase requires ____ in order to function.

Answer 47

dimerizarion

Question 48

Intracellular domain will recruit the ___ ____ and bunds to the receptor to activate it.

Answer 48

tyrosine kinase

Question 49

Tyrosine kinase can be found in the ___ or ___ to the receptor.

Answer 49

receptor, recruited

Question 50

Substrate protein without phosphorylation is ___ and can be activated by protein ___.

Answer 50

inactive, kinase

Question 51

Hormones have ___ levels and are never at zero.

Answer 51

Basal

Question 52

Protein phosphates will ___ the P and move it to the inactive state.

Answer 52

remove

Question 53

T/F: Some proteins can be inactive when the phosphate group is attached.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Protein kinase can ___ and ____ substrates to downplay the role of the it.

Answer 54

active, inactivate

Question 55

Lipid soluble hormones include

Answer 55

Thyroid and or steroids

Question 56

Receptors of lipid soluble hormones are found

Answer 56

Intracellular, cytoplasm, nucleus

Question 57

When the binding occurs intracellular lay for the lipid soluble hormone, a ___ will be formed to help with cell cascade.

Answer 57

complex

Question 58

Steroid hormones are ___ acting.

Answer 58

slow

Question 59

Steroid hormones begins from ___ and it depends on the activity of enzymes and the structure of hormone that attaches to receptor.

Answer 59

cholesterol

Question 60

Steroid hormone receptors of the adrenal cortex is found mainly in the

Answer 60

Cytoplasm

Question 61

Receptors for sex steroid hormones are mainly in the

Answer 61

nucleus

Question 62

Receptors of the thyroid are typically bound to ___ in the __.

Answer 62

DNA,nucleus

Question 63

All three examples for lipid soluble have receptors that end up in the ___ and act as ___ factors.

Answer 63

nucleus, transcription

Question 64

Peptides and catecholamines are found ___ and unbound in the plasma.

Answer 64

free

Question 65

Signal transduction comes from the cell and works on the ___ cell. The signal binds to the cell and all the work leads to a ___ action.

Answer 65

target, biological

Question 66

Steroids and thyroid hormones are typically ___ bound.

Answer 66

Protein

Question 67

Peptides and catecholamines have receptors in the

Answer 67

plasma membrane

Question 68

Steroids and thyroid hormones have receptors that are

Answer 68

intracellular

Question 69

Peptides/catecholamines are ___ acting and steroids are ___ acting.

Answer 69

fast, slow

Question 70

Peptides and catecholamines have 3 most common signalling systems that it works with:

Answer 70

1. second messenges (Ca2+, IP3, cAMP) 2. enzyme activation by receptor (JAK) 3. Intrinsic enzymatic activity of receptor (ie. autophosphorylation tyrosine)

Question 71

Steroids and thyroid hormones are ___ receptors that directly alter __ expression.

Answer 71

intracellular, gene