Endocrinology

Question 1

What part of the brain has no real BBB

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

What are two parts of the hypothalamus

Answer 2

anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 3

Which is neuro and which is adeno: Anterior or posterior pitutitary

Answer 3

Neuro: Posterior pituitary

Adeno: Anterior Pituitary

Question 4

Where does the pituitary gland sit

Answer 4

Inside the sella tursica in the center of the skull/sphenoid bone

Question 5

What does the secretory neuron/axons do

Answer 5

Take oxytocin and ADH to the post pituitory to store it

Question 6

Where does the neurohypophysis come from?

Answer 6

from neuro ectoderm of the forebrain to make the posterior pituitary

Question 7

Where does the adenohypophysis come from?

Answer 7

the rafkies pouch and grows backward to make the anterior pituitary

Question 8

which pituitary makes its own hormonal output

Answer 8

Anterior pit

Question 9

The portal venous system is where?

Answer 9

between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Question 10

What does the anterior pituitary make

Answer 10

TSH, ACTH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin, FSH, LH

Question 11

What makes oxytocin and ADH?

Answer 11

The hypothalamus, its secreted to the posterior pituitary by secretory neurons/axons

Stored in the posterior pituitary

Question 12

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 12

smooth muscle contraction

Question 13

How do second messinger systems work?

Answer 13

They bind peripherally and that causes a receptor on the cell membrane to activate and cause second messingers inside the cell to do something specific for the cell

Question 14

Steroid vitamin D get in the cell how?

Answer 14

They are lipophillic they go through the cell bind to receptor inside cell and activate

Question 15

Is thyroid lipophilic

Answer 15

no

Question 16

ACTH Acts where and does what

Answer 16

adrenal cortex for cortisol production

Question 17

LH Acts where and does what

Answer 17

Testies, ovary, oestrogen, androgen, ovulation and progesterone

Question 18

TSH Acts where and does what

Answer 18

thyroid for T4 and T3

Question 19

Prolactin Acts where and does what

Answer 19

breast for lactation

Question 20

GH Acts where and does what

Answer 20

growth hormone for growth

Question 21

FSH Acts where and does what

Answer 21

spermatogenesis follicle growth

Question 22

what is the classic disease of hypopituitary when there is loss of anterior pituitary out

Answer 22

sheehan’s syndrome/empty sella syndrome

Question 23

what is the classic disease of hypopituitary when there is loss of posterior pituitary out

Answer 23

diabetes insipididus

Question 24

What happens in diabetes inspidius

Answer 24

NO ADH from posterior pituitary leads to inability to concentrate the urine and unquenchable thirst that wakes the up at night.

electrolyte disturbances

Question 25

Hyperpituitarism is from what

Answer 25

the anterior pituitary usually an adenoma

Question 26

What is the most common adenoma

Answer 26

Prolactinoma

Question 27

What is somatotropic adenoma secreting and what does it lead to

Answer 27

Excess GH leads to acromegaly(adults) and giantism(kids)

Question 28

What do corticotrophic tumors secret

Answer 28

ACTH leads to cushings syndrome

Question 29

What two cells manufacture thyroid hormone

Answer 29

follicular and colloid cells

Question 30

____+____=thyroid horomone

Answer 30

Tyrosine + Iodine

Question 31

what thyroid is imported

Answer 31

T3Leio | T4Levo

Question 32

What enzyme imports Iodine from I- to I2

Answer 32

Oxidation peroxidase

Question 33

What happens to T3 and T4

Answer 33

- the free form is taken to target tissues when stimulated by TSH - it is conjugated in bile and gets excreted

Question 34

What T3 or T4 is active and has a membrane receptor

Answer 34

T3

Question 35

What enzyme converts T4 to T3

Answer 35

5'deiodinase

Question 36

What enzyme reduces testosterone

Answer 36

5alpha reductase

Question 37

What are the cellular actions of T3

Answer 37

``` Increased metabolism(mitochondrial activity) Increased cell turnover (DNA-mRNa-Protein) ```

Question 38

What is body temperature what hormone effects it

Answer 38

The sum of all mitochrondrial activity Thyroid can affect it

Question 39

MC cause of low thyroid

Answer 39

hashimotos thyroiditis

Question 40

What is graves disease sx: Hormones:

Answer 40

thyroid toxicosis/hyperthyroidism sx: lid retraction, lid lag, proptosis, goiter Hormones: Increased T3 and T4 low TSH

Question 41

What is dequervain's thyroiditis

Answer 41

subacute granulomatous , begins with hyperthyroid, then goes hypo then euthyroid

Question 42

Reidels thyroiditis

Answer 42

Rock hard woody thyroid that mimics carcinoma, fibrotic proliferation may cause hpothyroidism

Question 43

Goiter types

Answer 43

Simple: definciency of iodine or too many goitrogens (calcium and fluorine in water, brassicae, polluted water) commonly graves Multinodular goiter: large, often mistaken for cancer

Question 44

Are adenomas of the thyroid benign of malignant who are they most commonly seen in

Answer 44

90-99% benign may cause pressure symptoms post menopausal women

Question 45

What are most malignant tumors of they thyroid

Answer 45

papillary carcinoma

Question 46

Calcitonin - what does it do - where is it produced - What does it act on to do what

Answer 46

It lowers blood calcium Made by the parafollicular cells Acts on bone: inhibits reasorption by osteoclasts Kidney: increases ca, na, k excretion and decreases mg excretion

Question 47

What does parathyroid horome do and how?

Answer 47

raises serum calcium when low by acting on vitamin d to decrease calcium excretion

Question 48

What is the acronym for order of layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 48

GFR Salt Sugar Sex the deeper you go the sweeter it gets

Question 49

2 layers of the adrenal glands are?

Answer 49

cortex::(corticosteroids) medulla(sympathetic stimulation)

Question 50

What is the medulla made of and what is it stimulated by to do what?

Answer 50

Made of chromafin cells stimulated by sympathetic nervous system makes epi and ne

Question 51

What three things does the adrenal cortex make, what zones make it and whats the correct order from outer to inner

Answer 51

Zona Glomerulosa-aldosterone Zona Fasciculata: cortisol Zona reticularis: sex steroids

Question 52

What is the mineralcorticoid in the body

Answer 52

aldosterone

Question 53

What happens to calcium in hyperparathyroidism

Answer 53

Elevates

Question 54

___serum calcium and ___serum phosphate is seen in what disorder

Answer 54

hypoparathyroidism

Question 55

Chovesteks/trousseaus sign is seen in what

Answer 55

hypoparathyroidism

Question 56

pheochromocytoma

Answer 56

Tumor limited to adrenal medulla only secretes catecholamines=epi+ne

Question 57

neuroblastoma: is it confined to the adrenal medulla?

Answer 57

childhood tumor of adenal that you are born with NO

Question 58

what is a neurological germ cell tumor that is not limited to the adrenal medulla

Answer 58

neuroblastoma

Question 59

Hypoadrenalism, low cortisol, high ACTH what else will you see?

Answer 59

Addisons Low NA, Cl, cortisol and increased K

Question 60

Hyperadrenalism, ectopic ACTH, high cortisol

Answer 60

cushings moon like faces, buffalo hump, osteopersosis

Question 61

What is a solitary aldosterone secreting adenoma in the adrenal cortex?

Answer 61

Conns syndrome will also see low renin and potassium high na and aldosterone

Question 62

What does aldosterone do and where?

Answer 62

tells you to excrete potassium and save sodium in the distal tubule

Question 63

What are the steps to making epi

Answer 63

Tyroisin-L-dopa-Dopa-Ne-Epi

Question 64

Where do we see N-methyl transferase and what does it do?

Answer 64

adrenal medulla NE-->Epi requies SAMe, B12 folate

Question 65

What does epi do in adipose tissue

Answer 65

activates hormone lipase to break down fat

Question 66

What does epi do the liver or muscle

Answer 66

controls phosphorylase a to break down glycogen into glucose

Question 67

What is the parent steroid that all other steroids are made from and what is it made from

Answer 67

pregnenolone from cholesterol

Question 68

What stimulates aldosterone

Answer 68

ACTH, HyPERKALEMMIA, angiotensin 2

Question 69

Where does ACE come from and what does it do

Answer 69

comes from the lung to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 70

where is angiotensinogen from and what activates it

Answer 70

the liver activated by renin from the JGA cells in response to low blood volume and GFR

Question 71

What type of pancreas is ductless

Answer 71

endocrine pancreas exocrine pancreas has ducts

Question 72

If the endocrine pancreas is ductless what does this mean? ducts?

Answer 72

it means it secretes directly into the blood stream Ducts: has tubular ducts that make digestive enzymes, lined with cuboidal epithelium

Question 73

what are the ducts of the pancreas lined with

Answer 73

cuboidal epithelium

Question 74

Alpha cells of the pancrease secrete what

Answer 74

glucagon

Question 75

What do the beta cells of the pancreas do

Answer 75

secrete insulin

Question 76

What do the delta cells of the pancreas do?

Answer 76

secrete somatostatin

Question 77

Whats happening in type one diabetes

Answer 77

you have anabolism happening and you are breaking yourself down leading to ketosis due to fat breaking down, you pee sugar and water

Question 78

What is happening in diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 78

DM 1 is lack of insulin cells cant get sugar to burn so cells burn fat which leads to ketones and thats poisonous to our body

Question 79

what substrate in fat degredation goes into ketone formation

Answer 79

acetoacetyl Coa

Question 80

what is the difference between DMI and DMII

Answer 80

DM I: childhood onset, insulin lack due to beta cell underproduction but has good insulin receptors DMII: adult onset, to much insulin with not enough receptor activity both have high blood sugar

Question 81

Tumor that secretes gastrin

Answer 81

Zollinger-ellison syndrome leads to HCL secretion

Question 82

What is a true beta cell tumor that produces hypoglycemia

Answer 82

Insulinoma

Question 83

Thymic hyperplasia

Answer 83

Lymphoid follicles in the thymus often myasthenia gravis

Question 84

Digeorge syndrome

Answer 84

aplasia/hypoplasia of the thymus accompanied by parathyroid development and failure