Big Concepts Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What cells responsd to LH
A
Leydig cells
2
Q
What cells respond to FSH
A
Sertoli Cells
3
Q
What secretes LH
A
Anterior Pituitary
4
Q
What enzyme takes Testosterone into dihydrotestosterone
A
5alpha-reductase
5
Q
What the main enzyme in thyroid synthesis that takes T4 to T3
A
5’deiodinase
6
Q
What is the order of the uterine layers
A
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
7
Q
Most common tumor in women
A
Leiomyoma/fibroid
8
Q
Most common invasive cancer of the female tract
A
Uterine Adenocarcinoma
9
Q
What type of enzyme converts testosterone and androstenodion to estrione
A
Aromatase
10
Q
First two weeks of cycle what is dominant
A
Estrogen
11
Q
Second two weeks what is dominant
A
Progesterone
12
Q
What happens when progesterone drops
A
we get a period, when we dont get this drop we are prego
13
Q
What day are we ovulating? What spikes right before ovulation
A
Day 20
LH
14
Q
What is the most common benign tumor of the breast in women under 30
A
Fibroadenomaq
15
Q
What is the number 1 female cancer
A
Carcinoma in ducts and glands
16
Q
In spermatogenesis the first meiotic division is____ the second is ___
A
Haploid
Diploid
17
Q
Meiosis =
A
gaetogenesis
18
Q
What is the first named structure after fusing of the pronuclei
A
Zygote
19
Q
What is the final implanting structure
A
Blastocyst
20
Q
why is 12 or more blastomeres
A
morula
21
Q
What are the stages of development
A
Day 1: fertilization to zygote formation
Day 2-3: Zeell stage through morula
Day 4-5: Free Blastocyst
Day 5-6: Blastocyst attaches=implantation
22
Q
What is the prmary site of fertilization
A
The ampulla
23
Q
What comes from the ectoderm
A
CNS PNS Sensory Epithelial of eye, ear, nose Epidermis and appendages Mammary Glands posterior pituitary Adrenal Medulla
24
Q
What comes from the Mesoderm
A
Connective tissue, cartilage, bone muscle heart blood, lymph, cells kd,ovary, testes, genital ducts serous membrane spleen adrenal cortex
25
What comes from the endoderm
Gastric and Respiratory epithelium
Parenchyma of tonsills, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, thymus, pancreas
Epithelial linning of bladder, most of urethra, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, auditory tube
Anterior pititary
26
What type of blood does the umbilical vein carry
Arterial oxygenated blood
27
What does the umbilical vein become
ligamentum teres
28
what does the umbilical artery become
Lateral umbilical ligaments
29
What does teh foramen ovale become
fosa ovales
30
What does oxytocin do and where does it come from
postior pit for ejection of milk and smooth muscle contraction
31
where does prolactin come from and what does it do
anterior pit for milk production
32
In pregnancy what secretes progesterone
corpous leuteum
33
In pregnancy what secretes estrogen
ovary
34
what organs are not open to toratogens exept for early on
Heart, lower limb
palate
ears
35
What are the purines
Adenine and guanine
36
Wwhat ARE THE PYRIMIDINES
URACIL
THYMINE
CYTOSINE
37
what is 100% dependent on folic acid purine or pyrimidine syntheisis
purine synthesis
38
polymerase 1
rRNA
39
Polymerase 2
mRNA
40
polymerase III
tRNA
41
What takes oxytocin and ADH to the posterior pituitary to store it there until its ready to be released
secretory neuron/axons OUT
42
what does the posterior pit come from
neurophypophysis, neuro ectoderm of forebrane
43
where does the portal vein go to and what does it secrete
The anterior pituitary
```
TSH
ACTH
Growth
Prolac
FSH
LH
```
44
What is the adenohypophysis
anterior pit
45
what is the neurohypophysis
post pit
46
What does the anterior pit come from
rafkies pouch and grows backwards
47
what syndrme caues panhypopituitaryism in the anterior pituitary empty sella syndrome
Sheehans
48
Wher does the pituitary gland sit
in the cella turisca at the center of the skull/sphenoid bone
49
What disease arises when you have NO ADH from the posterior pituitary
Diabetes insipidus
can't balance osmolarity
50
what do somatotrpic adenomas cause
Excess GH
Acromegaly in adults
Giantism in children
51
Corticotroph tumors secrete what, this leads to what
ACTH
cushings
52
What amino acid makes thyroid hormone
Tyrosine
53
What secretes thyroid hormone
pituitary
54
In graves disease what happens to the thyroid hormones
Increased T3 and T4 low TSH
55
When is calcitonin excreted and by what cells
Parafollicular cells in response to high blood calcium
56
What hormone raises serum calcium when its low
parathyroid hormone
57
What is the order of the adrenal corex and what do they serete
GFR SALT SUGAR SEX the deeper you go the sweeter it gets
Glomerulosa-aldosterone
Fasiculata-cortisol
Reticularis-sex steroids
58
what does the adrenal medulla do
Sympathetic stimulation of Ne and EPI
59
What is the medulla made out of
chromafin cells
60
Hyperparathyroidism causes what
Elevated calcium which can lead to kidney stones, hypertension and gastric ulers
61
Hypoparathyroidism
lowcalcium high phosphate
chvosteks sign and trousseaus sign
62
Tumor confined to adrenal medulla that secretes catecholamines
pheochromocytoma
63
childhood tumor of the adrenal medulla that is not confined there
neruoblastoma
64
Addisons
increached ACTH, hypoadrenalism
65
Cushings
extopic ACTH
| Hyperadrenalism
66
what is it called when you have a solitary aldosterone secreting adeoma in the adrenal cortex
Conn's syndrome
67
This enzyme is only found in the adrenal meddula and converts NE to EPi
N-methyl-transferase
68
What does epinephrine do to adipose tissue
incraeses lipase activity to free fa
69
what does epi do to the liver and muscle
phosphylase to glygogenolysis to make more glucose
70
What is the parent steroid in which all others are made from
pregnenalone
71
does the endocrine pancrease have ducts
no
72
Wtha does the exocrine pancrease have
ducts lined with cuboidal epithelium
73
what cells serete glucagon
alha cells
74
what cells secrete insulin
beta cells
75
what cells secrete somatostatin
delta cells
76
What activates angiotensin I and where does this come from
renin from the juxtoglomerular cells
77
where does angiotensinogen come from
liver
78
what activates angiotensin I to angiotensin II and where does t his come from
ACE from the lungs
79
what does angiotensin II do
Tells the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) to serete aldosterone which tells the distal tubules to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium
Tells the efferent arteriols to constrict
80
This is a syndrome where there is atumor in the pancrease secreting gastrin
Zollinger-ellison syndrome
81
whaich arteriole is sensitive to epinephrine
fAferent arteriole
82
what comes off the vasa recta
efferent arterioles
83
Where does calcium get reabsorbed
distal tubule
84
whree does most of sodium get reabsorbed
proximal tubule
85
where does ADH act
collecting duct
86
where does aldosterone act
distal tubule
87
where is potassium secreted and reabsorbed
distal tubule
88
What reaction takes an amino acid and makes it into its alpha ketoacid
oxidative deamination
89
what do we combine together to make urea
Co2 and ammonia
90
What is the main step in the mitochondria in the urea cycle
Carbamaoyl phosphate to ornithine
91
what is the main step in the mitochondria in the urea cycle, what amino acid is involved
Arginene
ornithine=argenine to urea
92
Red cell casts think
acute nephritis, acute post strep glomerulonephritis
93
purpuric skin lesions, IgA percipitation and in kids
Henoch-schonlein purpura
94
Nephrotic syndrome
proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
hyperlidiemia
lipiduria
95
Painless hematuria think what
adenocarincoma/hypernephroma
| wilms tumor
96
What is a common primary renal tumor in kids
wlims
97
koplick spots
maseles
98
What are the two attachments of the stomach
lesser omentum: hepato duodenal, hepato gastricligaments)
Greater omentum: peritoneal ligament, mets happens here
99
Gastric ulcer
lesser curvature
| worse with food
100
duodenal ulcer
better eating
101
Where is the start of post gastric digestin
duodenum
102
What are three facts about the duodenum
cradles the pancreatic head
bile enters through the greater duodenal pipilla
pancreatic enzumes enter through the greater and lesser duodenal papilla
103
The Jejunum has ___ lymphatics than ___ and ____ vascualature than ____
The jejunum has less lymphatics and vasculature than the illeum
104
Is the jejunum shorter or longer than the illeum
shorter
105
what does parasympathetic innervation to the large intestine
the pelvic splanchnics
