Reproduction Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What are the three components of the urethra
A
Prostatus
Membranous
Spongy
2
Q
What is the outer layer of the Pennsylvania p
A
Corpous cavernosum
3
Q
Where is the prostate gland
A
behind the bladder
4
Q
What 4 things give us our ejaculatory fluid
A
Prostate, Vas deferenes, seminal vesicle, bulbourethra glands
5
Q
what is the pathway to make testosterone
A
Cholesterol-pregnenalone-progesterone-androstendione-testosterone
6
Q
What enzyme converts us from testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, what does it require
A
5alpha-reductase
requires NADPH
7
Q
LH in males stimulates what cell to secrete what
A
Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
8
Q
FSH in males stimulates what cell to secrete what?
A
Sertoli cell to secrete hinhibins which tell us to not make FSH and LH
9
Q
GC, dysuria, purulent d/c, frequency
A
Specific urethritis
10
Q
What bug most likely cause non-specific urethritis in males
A
chlamydia, ureaplasma, E.coli
11
Q
what is another term for penile inflammation, who does it common in
A
Balanitis, usually in pts with phimosis or redudant prepuce
Staph. E.coli. candida
12
Q
What is the most common penile tumor type, frm what
A
Condyloma acuminatum from HPV 6 and 11
13
Q
What is hypospadius and epispadius
A
congenital misplacement of urethral canal ventrally or dorsally, may be associated with undescended testicles, may cause urinary obstruction or inability to inseminate
14
Q
this is when the orfice of prepuce s to small to permit retraction
A
phismosis
15
Q
this is when the prepuce is retracted and wont replace
A
paraphismosis
16
Q
this is when male hypogondism occurs or 2 or more x chromosomes and 1 or more y chromosomes
A
klinefelters
17
Q
cryptorchidism is unilateral or bilateral
A
unilateral, increased risk of infertility
18
Q
What is epidiymitis and orchitis associated with
A
lower UTI and prostatisis
GC or chlamydia in men under 35
E. coli and pseudomas in menover 35
19
Q
scrotal varicosity, abnormal dilation and tortuosity of pampiniform lpexus of veins, 99% left sided
A
varicocele
20
Q
Accumulation of serous fluid in scortum occurs developmentally in descent of testies or secondary to inflammation, painless
A
hydrocele
21
Q
What organism causes bacterial prostatis
A
E. coli or other gram negative rods
Staph, GC
boggy prostate,
22
Q
Chronic abacterial prostatis bugs
A
most common chlamydia, ureaplasma
23
Q
what is the most comon cancer of men
where does it occur
A
carcinoma prostate
posterior lobe
24
Q
what ligament holds the ovary down
A
ovarian ligament
25
where are fimbriae located
what do they do
at the end of the fallopian tube
wrap around ovary during ovulation to allow egg in
26
What are the three layers of the uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
27
What bug causes acute cervicitis
GC, chlamydia, trichomonas -after proceedures
CMT!
28
What causes chronic cervicitis
vaginal bacterial overgrowth in the transformational zone
29
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasma
mostly benign dysplasia
CIN I
CIN II
CIN III (severe-precancerous)
30
what causes cervical cancer
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
31
What is the most common cervical cancer
what is the most common sign
Cervical squamous cell carcinoma
- most are asymptomatic
- bleeding post intercourse
32
stage
spread
33
grade
type of histologic stage
34
What triggers the growth of the endometrium
estrogen
35
what causes acute endometritis
Group A strep, staph following delivery or miscarriage
36
Chronic endometritis causes
PID, IUD, TB, Clamydia
37
Endometrial hyperplasia
due to prolonged estrogens effects since estrogen triggers its growth
38
endometriosis
endometrial cells outside of the uterus
ovary and adnexa are most common
pain, cycling pain
39
endometrial polyps
may be estrogen receptive or tamoxifen induced
not considered precancers
cause menorrhagia
40
what is the most common tumor i women
leiomyoma/fibroid (smooth muscle tumor)
Estrogen dependent
41
most common invasive cancer of female tract
when to suspect it
uterine adenocarcinoma
suspect when postmenopausal women starts bleeding
42
inflammation of the ovaries
oophoritis
43
follicular cysts happen when?
common in first 2 weeks
physiologic
may cause pelvic pain
estrogen domiant
44
leuteal phase
second 2 weeks
progesterone dominant
normal, may rupture into peritoneum and cause inflammation
45
PCO/Stein-leventhal syndrome (PCOS)
ovarian system that is not moving androgen to estrogen=androgen excess due to decreased aromatase activity
hyperprolactinemia
inability to conceive and hirsuitism
46
what enzyme converts testosterone and androstenodion to estrone
aromatase
47
wa\hat are the two glands of the vagina
bartholans glands and paraurethral/skenes ducts
48
this is usually associated with PId, swelling of gland on wall of vestibule at base of labia majora
bartholins cysts usually Gc or local flora
49
vulvar dystrophy/Leukoplakia
inflammation opaque, white scaly plaque, biopsy to find cause
50
Lichen sclerosus/Chronic atrphic vulvovaginitis
after menopause, skin parchment like, vaginal mucosa thinned, dryness, discomfort
51
squamous hyperplasia
if atypia exist is precancerous or cancerous
52
gartner's duct cysts
common, lateral wall of vagina, wolffian duct remnants
53
vestibular adenitis
glands in posterior vestibule may become inflammed, idiopathic
54
clear cell adenocarcinoma
in women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy, upper third of anterior vaginal wall or cervix, vaginal adenosis is precursor, no sx
55
what hormone is dominant in the first two weeks
what phase is this
estrogen
follicular phase
56
what hormone is dominant in the second two weeks
progesterone
leuteal phase
57
what happens during pregnancy
no drop in progesterone
usually the drop causes a period
58
when and why does LH spike
before ovulation to kick the ova out of the ovary
59
what hormone is thermogenic, how does this affect body heat
progesterone
temp lower in follicular phase then rise after LH surge
60
what are the physiologic actions of progesterone
- limit prepartum actions of prolactin
- thermogenic
- increases consistency of mucus
- stimulates growth and development of endometrium for implantation
- decreases myometrium sensitivity to oxytocin
- inhibits GnRH secretion from CNS to alter sexual receptivity
61
-definition of menopuase
no menses for 12 or more months and a rise in FSH and LH
androgens may decline or rise based on adrenal function
62
bacterial infection of lactating breast is what?
what organism?
acute mastitis dt staph
63
mammary duct ectasia
dilation of lactiferous ducts
64
what causes fibrocystic breast dz
ecess estrogene
65
what is the most common benign tumorof the breast in women under 30
fibroadenoma
66
what is the number one female cancer
carcinoma in ductal and glandular tissue
67
pagets dz of breast
associated with later stage infiltrating carcinoma causing inflammation of the tissue on the ipple
poor prognosis
68
what is the making of gametes called
meiosis
69
mitosis is what
making of daughter cells
70
Which division 1 or two in meiotic division of spermatogensis is non haploid
the second
71
What do you end up with in spermatogenesis
(2) 23x
| 2(23)y
72
what happens during oogenesis to create a mature follicle
sperm must meet the immature follicle
-the secondary oocyte is fertilized after the second meiotic division and the pronuclei fuse to form the zygote
73
single cell organism that is the 1st named structure after fusing of the pronuclei
zygote
74
what is 12 or more blastomeres called
morula
75
what is the final implanting structure
blastocyst
76
what does FSH do, when does it peak
promotes growth of follicles peaks day 11-13
77
What does LH do when does it peak
Day 12-13
stimulates granulosa cells to decrease estrogen, increase progesterone
78
what is the primary site of fertilization
the ampulla
79
What are the stages of development in ovulation and fertilization to implantation
1. Day 1: fertilization to zygote formation
2. Day 2-3: z cell stage through morula
3. Day 4-5: free blastocyst
4. Day 5-6: blastocyst attaches=implantation
80
where does sperm pass through in fertilization and what enzymes break down the zona pellucida
ovum coronatubular enzymes
81
what zone does sperm have to penetrate to, why is it there
zona pellucida, zona reaction occurs to block other sperm
t
82
where does the second meiotic division occur
zona pellucida
83
where does normal implantation occur
in the endometrium
84
what is the blastula
1 day after morula enters uterus, the central blastomeres part and fluid fills the space
2 parts
1. )trophoblasts(early placenta)
2. ) embryoblasts (early embyro)
85
what is the most common site for ectopic implantation
uterine tube
86
Bilaminar germ disc
amniotic cavity appears between trophoblast and embroblast
embryoblast differentiates into bilaminar disc
prochondral plate develops as thickening in the hypoblast
87
what is gastrulation
formation of the germ layers
88
list the steps of fertilization
- sperm passes through ovums corona
- sperm and tubular enzymes break down zona pellucida
- sperm penetrates zona pellucida
- male and female pronuclei fuse to form zygote
- diploid chromosome number restored(46)
- blastocyst impants in endometrium on day 6
- cleavage of zygote
- morula
- blastula
- normal implantation
- ectopic implantation
- bilaminar germ disc
- gastrulation
89
what 7 things have ectoderm
- CNS
- PNS
- sensory epithelia of the eye, ear nose
- epidermis and appendages
- mammary glands
- posterior pituitary
- adrenal medulla
90
What 8 things came from mesoderm
- connective tissue, cartilage, bone
- muscle
- heart
- blood, lymph vessels and cells
- kidneys, ovaries, testes, genital ducts
- serous membrane
- spleen
- adrenal cortex
91
what came from endoderm (4)
- gastric and respiratory epithelium
- parenchyma of tonsils, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, thymus, pancreas
- epithelial linning of bladder, most of urethra, tympanic cavity, tympanic antrum, auditory tube
- anterior pit
92
What does the ductus arteriosus turn into
ligamentum arteriosum
93
What does the ductus venosus turn into
ligamentum venosum
94
what does the umbilican vein turn into
ligamentum teres
95
what does the foramen ovale turn into
fossa ovalis
96
what does the umbilical artery turn into
the lateral umbilical ligament
97
What type of blood does the umbilical artery carry
venous deoxygenated blood
98
Where does oxytocin come from and what do we use it for
comes from posterior pituitary
ejection of milk and smooth muscle contraction
99
where does prolactin come from and what does it do
anterior pit
```
milk production
lactogenesis
luteotrophic
growth of hair and sebaceous glands
mammary growth
LH receptor maintence
```
100
What four structures are only susceptible to teratogens in early pregnancy
ears, palate, heart, lower limbs
101
are we suspectible to teratogens in the first two weeks of pregancy
no
102
CNS susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 3-38
103
Heart susceptibility to teratogens
Weeks 3-8
104
Upper limb susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-8
105
lower limb susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-8
106
eyes susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-38
107
Teeth susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 7-38
108
palate susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 7=9
109
external genitlia susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 7-38
110
ears susceptibility to teratogens
weeks 4-16
111
what are the purines
Adenine
| Guanine
112
Pyrimidines
Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine
113
Nucleosides
think ine
```
Adenosine
Guanosine
Uridine
Cytidine
Deoxythymidine
```
114
Nucleotides
think ATE
```
adenylate (AMP)
guanylate (GMP)
Uridylate(UMP)
cytidylate(CMP)
Deoxythyidylate(dTMP)
```
115
which requires folic acid as a complete co-factor in its synthesis
purine or pyrimidine
purine
116
what is the substrate for pyrimidine synthesisv
glutamine
117
polymerase I
makes rRNA
118
polymerase II
makes mRNA
119
polymerase III
makes tRNA
120
what polymerizes nucleotides on the DNA template to form RNA copy
RNA polymerase
121
what connects the DNA in syntehsis
ligase
122
what strand creates okazaki fragments
the right strand, 3'-5' because we can only synthesize in 5-3
123
nuclear division of somatic cells
mitosis
124
produces gametes
meiosis
125
4 phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
126
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides
127
what phase do most somatic cells spend the majority of their lives in
interphase
128
what does interphase include
G0: while its working, indefinite period
G1
S
G2
129
G1
normal cell function, cell growthand duplication of organelles, make proteins
130
S
dna replication synthesis of hormones
131
G2
protein synthesis
132
M
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
133
process of cell specialization
differentiation
produces populations of cells with limited capabilits, differentiated form of normal tissue
134
unidfferentiated is what
cancerous
135
Mitosis:
```
type of cell
parent cell chromosomes
chromosome replication #
# of cyotoplasmic divisions
# of cells formed
# chromosomes in each new cell
```
type of cell: somatic
parent cell chromosomes:46(23 pair)
chromosome replication #: once
of cyotoplasmic divisions:1
of cells formed: 2
chromosomes in each new : 46
136
Meisosis
```
type of cell
parent cell chromosomes
chromosome replication #
# of cyotoplasmic divisions
# of cells formed
# chromosomes in each new cell
```
type of cell: reproductive cells
parent cell chromosomes: 46
chromosome replication #: once
of cyotoplasmic divisions:2
of cells formed:4
chromosomes in each new :23
137
what is the TATA box part of
the promoter region
138
what does RNApolymerase need to recognize promotore
transcription factor
139
what are inducers
steroid hormones tha tbind to nuclear receptor protein. Form a complex that binds to DNA and activates some gene, inactivates others
140
What do enhancers do
regulatory DNA sequence, can bu upstream or downstream of promoter
may be located several thousand base pairs from starting point of transcription
loops in DNA bring enhancers near the promoter region of the gene
141
what two diseases result from loss or gain of a whole chromosome (genome mutation)
Trisomy 21-down syndrome
4XO-turner syndrome
142
what are chromosomal mutations
rearrangement of genetic material within a chromosome
generally translocations
143
Mendelian/ gene mutation disorders
deletion or insertion of nucleotide bases within a specific gene chromosome
144
two types of mendelian disorders
point mutation: substitution of a single nucleotide, thalaseia and sickle cell
frameshift mutation: insertion or deletion of base pains: tay sachs, cystic fibrosis
145
XXY, thin body, hypogonadic gynecomastic male
klinfelter's syndrome
146
XO or XO/46XY female
| menopause before menarch
Turners Syndrome
147
Trisomy 21
47 chromosomes
down syndrome
148
what is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation
down syndrome
149
what are examples of autosomal recessive diseases
PKU
Sickle Cell
Thalassemia
Lysosomal storage
150
Autosomal dominant diseases:
von Willebrand's familial hypercholesterolemia
151
X linked recssive
symptomatic in males carrier in femalses
G6PD deficiency, hemophilia
Fragile-X syndrome
152
second most common cause of genetic mental retardation
Fragile X syndrome
153
Mitochondrial gene mutation
ova has lots of mitochondria and sperm lose their in fertilization (no mtDNA to transmit downstreme)
mothers genetic material contains all mitochondrial information so maternal passes it on
DX lebers hereditary optic neuropathy
