Endodontics Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Discuss the pulp of a tooth in regards to each of the following:
- What does the pulp contain?
- What 3 different cells are in the pulp?
A
The pulp contains loose fibrous CT w/ nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
Pulpal Cells: Fibroblasts, odontoblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
2
Q
Which of the following secretes dentin?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Odontoblasts
C. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A
B. Odontoblasts
3
Q
Which of the following secretes fibrous connective tissue?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Odontoblasts
C. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
A
A. Fibroblasts
4
Q
Which of the following is secreted BEFORE root formation is complete?
A. Primary dentin
B. Secondary dentin
C. Tertiary dentin
D. Quaternary dentin
A
A. Primary dentin
Primary dentin = before root formation is complete
Secondary dentin = after root formation is complete
Tertiary denting = in response to pulpal injury
5
Q
Which of the following secretes tertiary dentin?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Odontoblast
C. Secondary odontoblasts
D. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
A
C. Secondary odontoblasts
6
Q
Which of the following secreted Secondary dentin?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Odontoblast
C. Secondary odontoblasts
D. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
A
B. Odontoblast
7
Q
How does the anatomy of the pulp make it more prone to infection?
A
- Surrounded by hard dentin which limits its ability to expand (if an infection is present the pulp is not able to expand against the hard dentin surrounding it)
- Lacks collateral circulation which limits its ability to cope with infection (one way in and one way out) - less avenues for immune cells to get into the pulp to help
8
Q
How does the pulp defend against infection? (4 ways)
A
9
Q
Which of the following is a reaction to minor damage?
A. Sclerotic dentin
B. Reactionary dentin (2ndary dentin)
C. Reparative dentin (tertiary dentin)
D. Pulpal necrosis
A
B. Reactionary dentin (2ndary dentin)
Reactionary dentin = minor damage
Reparative dentin = major damage
10
Q
Which of the following is a reaction to major damage?
A. Sclerotic dentin
B. Reactionary dentin (2ndary dentin)
C. Reparative dentin (tertiary dentin)
D. Pulpal necrosis
A
C. Reparative dentin (tertiary dentin)
11
Q
Which of the following is in response to rapidly advancing caries or other severe damage?
A. Sclerotic dentin
B. Reactionary dentin (2ndary dentin)
C. Reparative dentin (tertiary dentin)
D. Pulpal necrosis
A
D. Pulpal necrosis
12
Q
What are the 5 histologic zones of the pulp?
A
13
Q
All of the following are true regarding A fibers of the pulp EXCEPT:
A. Large myelinated afferent nerve
B. Course centrally in the pulp
C. Responsible for sharp transient “first pain”
D. Responsible for cold sensation
E. All of the above are true
A
B. Course centrally in the pulp
Note: makes sense that A fibers are responsible for sharp transient pain bc they are large myelinated nerves (making the impulse faster)
14
Q
All of the following are true regarding C fibers of the pulp EXCEPT:
A. Small unmyelinated afferent nerve
B. Course centrally in the pulp
C. Responsible for sharp transient “first pain”
D. Responsible for heat sensation
E. All of the above are true
A
C. Responsible for sharp transient “first pain”
Note: makes sense that C fibers are responsible for dull throbbing pain bc they are small unmyelinated nerves (slower than large myelinated nerves)
15
Q
All of the following are true regarding C fibers of the pulp EXCEPT:
A. Small unmyelinated afferent nerve
B. Course coronally in the pulp
C. Responsible for dull throbbing “second pain”
D. Responsible for heat sensation
E. All of the above are true
A
B. Course coronally in the pulp
16
Q
Which of the following course centrally in the pulp?
A. A fibers
B. C fibers
A
B. C fibers
17
Q
Which of the following is a heightened response to pain?
A. Hyperalgesia
B. Allodynia
A
A. Hyperalgesia
Note: something that’s usually painful becomes even more painful due to inflammatory mediators (hyperalgesia)
18
Q
Which of the following refers to pain due to stimulus that does NOT normally provoke pain?
A. Hyperalgesia
B. Allodynia
A
B. Allodynia
Eg. Sunburn… usually touching your skin doesn’t hurt. It hurts to touch your skin if you’re sunburnt. Aloe helps w/ sun burn. (This is a way to remember Allodynia = Aloe-dynia
***BOARDS***
19
Q
Preauricular pain often refers from _______.
A. Maxillary incisors
B. Mandibular incisors
C. Maxillary molars
D. Mandibular molars
A
D. Mandibular molars
note: Preauricular pain often refers from mandibular molars since both share V3 innervation.
***BOARDS***
20
Q
All of the following are true regarding Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis EXCEPT:
A. Pulp has been irreversibly damaged beyond repair; even w/ removal of the irritant it will not fully heal
B. Thermal (often cold) stimulus causes lingering pain
C. Postural changes like bending over or lying down exacerbate dental pain
D. Characterized by spontaneous intermittent or continuous pain
E. All of the above are true
A
E. All of the above are true
21
Q
Discuss the pulpal diagnosis: Normal Pulp:
A
22
Q
Discuss the pulpal diagnosis Reversible Pulpitis:
A
23
Q
Discuss the pulpal diagnosis Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis:
A
24
Q
Discuss the pulpal diagnosis Asymptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis:
A
25
Discuss the pulpal diagnosis **Pulp Necrosis**:
26
What are the 5 Periapical Diagnosis?
1. Normal apical tissues
2. Symptomatic apical periodontitis
3. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
4. Acute apical abscess
5. Chronic apical abscess
27
Which of the following is asymptomatic; no pain on percussion or palpation?
A. Normal apical tissues
B. Symptomatic Apical periodontitis
C. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
D. Acute apical abscess
E. Chronic apical abscess
A. Normal apical tissues
28
Which of the following is characterized by a draining **_sinus tract_** w/o discomfort?
A. Normal apical tissues
B. Symptomatic Apical periodontitis
C. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
D. Acute apical abscess
E. Chronic apical abscess
E. Chronic apical abscess
29
Which of the following is characterized by painful percussion and intense throbbing pain?
A. Normal apical tissues
B. Symptomatic Apical periodontitis
C. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
D. Acute apical abscess
E. Chronic apical abscess
B. Symptomatic Apical periodontitis
Note: localized inflammatory infiltrate within the PDL
30
Which of the following is characterized by rapid swelling, severe pain and purulent exudate around apex?
A. Normal apical tissues
B. Symptomatic Apical periodontitis
C. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
D. Acute apical abscess
E. Chronic apical abscess
D. Acute apical abscess
31
Which of the following is characterized as asymptomatic w/ an apical radiolucency?
A. Normal apical tissues
B. Symptomatic Apical periodontitis
C. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
D. Acute apical abscess
E. Chronic apical abscess
C. Asymptomatic apical periodontitis
32
Discuss percussion and palpation in regards to periapical diagnosis:
33
Which of the following is the **least reliable** pulpal vitality test?
A. Cold test
B. EPT
B. EPT
34
Discuss the Cold Test vs EPT:
35
Which of the following indicates if there are _vital sensory fibers_ present in the pulp, but does **NOT** provide any information about _vascular supply to the pulp_?
A. Cold test
B. EPT
B. EPT
36
What is the chemical formula for endo ice?
Dichlorodifluoromethane
37
All of the following are true regarding Access Preparartion for RCT EXCEPT:
A. Most important technical aspect of RCT
B. Conservation of tooth structure
C. Deroof chamber to expose pulp horns and orifices
D. Straight-line access to orifice and apex
E. All of the above are true
E. All of the above are true
38
Which of the following has a **trapezoidal** access shape for RCT?
A. Incisors
B. Canines
C. Premolars
D. Maxillary molars
E. Mandibular molars
E. Mandibular molars
Note: mandibular molars have two roots... The distal root contains 2 canals (mandibular molars usually contain 3 canals)
Incisors = Triangle
Canines = Oval (ovoid)
Premolars = Oval (ovoid)
Maxillary molars = Blunted triangle / Rhomboid
Mandibular molars = Trapezoidal
39
Which of the following has a **triangular** access shape for RCT?
A. Incisors
B. Canines
C. Premolars
D. Maxillary molars
E. Mandibular molars
A. Incisors
Note: triangular prep to remove pulp horns, and helps to prevent marginal ridges
Incisors = Triangle
Canines = Oval (ovoid)
Premolars = Oval (ovoid)
Maxillary molars = Blunted triangle / Rhomboid
Mandibular molars = Trapezoidal
40
Which of the following has a **blunted** **triangular** or **rhomboid** access shape for RCT?
A. Incisors
B. Canines
C. Premolars
D. Maxillary molars
E. Mandibular molars
D. Maxillary molars
\*\*\*BOARDS\*\*\*
Incisors = Triangle
Canines = Oval (ovoid)
Premolars = Oval (ovoid)
Maxillary molars = Blunted triangle / Rhomboid
Mandibular molars = Trapezoidal
41
Which of the following has a **ovoid (oval)** access shape for RCT?
A. Incisors
B. Canines
C. Premolars
D. Maxillary molars
E. Mandibular molars
B. Canines AND C. Premolars
Incisors = Triangle
Canines = Oval (ovoid)
Premolars = Oval (ovoid)
Maxillary molars = Blunted triangle / Rhomboid
Mandibular molars = Trapezoidal
42
Which premolar has two roots?
A. Maxillary 1st PM
B. Maxillary 2nd PM
C. Mandibular 1st PM
D. Mandibular 2nd PM
A. Maxillary 1st PM
\*\*\*BOARDS\*\*\*
43
Which of the following contains a **0.4 or 0.6 taper**?
A. SS hand files
B. K-file (Kerr)
C. H-file (Hedsrtom)
D. NiTi rotary instruments
D. NiTi rotary instruments
44
Which of the following contains a **0.2 taper**?
A. SS hand files
B. K-file (Kerr)
C. H-file (Hedsrtom)
D. NiTi rotary instruments
A. SS hand files
B. K-file (Kerr)
C. H-file (Hedsrtom)
45
Discuss Endo file dimensions in regards to each of the following:
* **D1**?
* size 15 file = ?
* **D2** or **D16**?
* Size 15-file = ?
46
Which of the following is a **twisted triangle**?
A. Gates-Glidden drills
B. Barbed broaches
C. Reamer
D. None of the above
C. Reamer
47
Which of the following is used to open the orifice for straight-line access?
A. Gates-Glidden drills
B. Barbed broaches
C. Reamer
D. None of the above
A. Gates-Glidden drills
48
Which of the following is used to entangle and remove?
A. Gates-Glidden drills
B. Barbed broaches
C. Reamer
D. None of the above
B. Barbed broaches
49
Discuss the initial cleaning and shaping of RCT tx in regards to each of the following:
* **Crown-down** = ?
* **Step-back** = ?
50
Which of the following is an irritant used to **dissolve organic material**?
A. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
B. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
C. Chloroform
D. Glass ionomer
A. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
51
Which of the following is an _irritant_ used to **dissolve inorganic material**?
A. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
B. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
C. Chloroform
D. Glass ionomer
B. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
52
Which of the following dissolves Gutta Percha in _retreatment_?
A. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
B. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
C. Chloroform
D. Glass ionomer
C. Chloroform
53
Which of the following would you find in the canal of a failed endodontic tx?
A. Bacteroides
B. Enterococcus faecalis
B. Enterococcus faecalis
54
Which of the following would you find in a primary endodontic infection?
A. Bacteroides
B. Enterococcus faecalis
A. Bacteroides
55
Discuss **Obturation** in regards to RCT tx:
* What is the purpose of obturation?
* What material is used for obturation?
56
What is the order of Gutta Percha sizes by color?
White, yellow, red, blue, green, black (goes up by 5 starting at 15)
57
Discuss incision and drainage:
* Surgical opening in ______ tissue to release exudate and pressure.
* Best for _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
58
Which of the following is a surgical opening in **hard tissue** to release exudate and pressure?
A. Incision and Drainage
B. Trephination
B. Trephination
Incision and Drainage = soft tissue
Trephination = hard tissue
59
Which of the following is a surgical opening in **soft tissue** to release exudate and pressure?
A. Incision and Drainage
B. Trephination
A. Incision and Drainage
Incision and Drainage = soft tissue
Trephination = hard tissue
60
How many mm of the root apex is resected in Periapical Microsurgery (Apico)?
A. 2mm
B. 3mm
C. 4mm
D. 5mm
B. 3mm
61
Discuss Ledge Formation in regards to instrumenting in RCT therapy:
* What is a ledge in regards to RCT?
* Why do ledges occur?
* Flexible _________ files are less likely to ledge.
* **How do you bypass a ledge?**
62
Discuss Instrument Separation in regards to RCT tx:
* What is Instrument Separation?
* Why do instruments separate?
* Flexible _______ files are MORE likely to fracture.
* **How can you bypass a fracture?**
63
Which of the following is due to excessive coronal flaring w/ an endodontic file?
A. Coronal Perforation
B. Furcal Perforation
C. Strip Perforation
D. Root Perforation
C. Strip Perforation
Note: the distal surface of the medial root of mandibular molars are easiest to cause a strip perforation due to the lack of thickness of that part of the root. (Refer to image below)
**\*\*\*BOARDS\*\*\***
64
Discuss the different types of perforations in regards to RCT tx:
* Coronal perforation?
* Furcal perforation?
* **Strip perforation**?
* Root perforation?
* ______ or ______ are signs of perforation.
* Internal repair w/ \_\_\_\_\_\_?
65
What is the Trauma protocol in the dental office?
Hint: "TRAVMA"
66
Discuss the Ellis Classifications:
* Ellis class I
* Ellis class II
* Ellis class III
* Ellis class IV
* Ellis class V
* Ellis class VI
67
Which of the following refers to the **luxation** of a tooth?
A. Ellis class III
B. Ellis class IV
C. Ellis class V
D. Ellis class VI
C. Ellis class V
68
Which of the following refers to the **Avulsion** of a tooth?
A. Ellis class III
B. Ellis class IV
C. Ellis class V
D. Ellis class VI
D. Ellis class VI
69
Which of the following is associated w/ pulpal involvement?
A. Complicated fracture
B. Uncomplicated fracture
C. Ellis class I fracture
D. Ellis class II fracture
A. Complicated fracture
70
Discuss **Uncomplicated fractures** in regards to each of the following:
* Is there pulp involvement?
* **Enamel only = ?**
* **Enamel and dentin = ?**
71
Discuss **Complicated fractures** in regards to each of the following:
* Do complicated fracture involve the pulp?
* If a complicated fracture occurred less than 24hrs ago, what is the tx?
* If a complicated fracture occurred more than or equal to 24hrs, what is the tx?
* If a complicated fracture occurred more than or equal to 72hrs, what is the tx?
72
Discuss **Horizontal Root Fracture** in regards to each of the following:
* What segment of the tooth is displaced and what segment is not?
* **What type of radiographs should you take and how many?**
* What type of healing is ideal in these situations?
* **What is tx if the tooth is vital?**
* Coronal fracture = ?
* Midroot fracture = ?
* Apical fracture = ?
* **What is tx if the tooth is nonvital?**
* What has a higher chance of necrosis (coronal/apical)?
* _____ percent chance of necrosis of coronal segment, necrosis of apical segment is very rare.
73
What is the tx for a tooth **concussion**?
74
Discuss **Subluxation** in regards to each of the following:
* What is it?
* What happens to the PDL?
* **Tx?**
* Chance of necrosis?
75
Discuss **Extrusion** in regards to trauma?
* What is observed in extrusion?
* **Open apex tx?**
* **Closed apex tx?**
* Chance of necrosis?
76
Discuss **Lateral Luxation** in regards to trauma:
* Effect on tooth?
* What happens to the crown compared to the root apex?
* **Tx?**
* Chance of necrosis?
77
Discuss **Intrusion** in regards to trauma:
* What is it?
* **Open apex tx?**
* **Closed apex tx?**
* Chance of necrosis?
78
Discuss **Avulsion** in regards to trauma:
* What is it?
* What does EADT stand for?
* **Tx?**
79
Discuss **Avulsion** in regards to tooth trauma w/ a focus on Tx times:
* Closed apex, EADT \< 60 min = **tx?**
* Open apex, EADT tx?
* Closed apex, EADT \> 60 min = **tx?**
* Open apex, EADT \> 60 min = **tx?**
80
Which of the following storage media is the absolute best to use to store an avulsed tooth?
A. Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)
B. Milk
C. Saline
D. Saliva
E. Water
A. Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)
81
Which of the following storage media is the absolute **WORST** to use to store an avulsed tooth?
A. Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)
B. Milk
C. Saline
D. Saliva
E. Water
E. Water
82
Discuss **External Resportion** in regards to each of the following:
* Initiates in the periodontium, due to damage to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* **Replacement resorption (RR) = ?**
* **Cervical resorption (CR) = ?**
* **Inflammatory root resorption (IRR) = ?**
* Margins?
* Radiographic movement?
83
Subepithelial sulcular infection from trauma or nonvital bleaching is associated w/ which of the following?
A. Replacement Resorption (RR)
B. Cervical Resorption (CR)
C. Inflammatory Root Resorption (IRR)
D. Internal Resorption
B. Cervical Resorption (CR)
84
Bacteria and byproducts from necrotic pulp travel through dentinal tubules to affect periodontium is associated w/ which of the following:
A. Replacement Resorption (RR)
B. Cervical Resorption (CR)
C. Inflammatory Root Resorption (IRR)
D. Internal Resorption
C. Inflammatory Root Resorption (IRR)
85
Ankylosis, replaces bone with bone is associated w/ which of the following?
A. Replacement Resorption (RR)
B. Cervical Resorption (CR)
C. Inflammatory Root Resorption (IRR)
D. Internal Resorption
A. Replacement Resorption (RR)
86
Discuss **Internal Resorption** in regards to each of the following:
* Initiates in the root canal system, due to damage to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Inflammation due to necrotic pulp from caries or trauma but this time causes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Prognosis?
* Tx?
* Margins?
* Radiographic movement?
87
All of the following are true regarding **Internal Resorption** EXCEPT:
A. Initiates in the root canal system due to damage to the odontoblastic layer
B. Better prognosis/ easier to Tx than external resorption
C. Moves w/ angled radiographs
D. Margins are sharp and well-defined
C. Moves w/ angled radiographs
Internal resorption = does NOT move w/ angled radiographs
External resorption = moves w/ angled radiographs
88
All of the following are true regarding **external resorption** EXCEPT:
A. Initiates in the root canal system due to damage to odontoblastic layer
B. Margins are ragged and poorly defined
C. Moves w/ angled radiographs
D. Initiates in the periodontium due to damage to cementoblastic layer
E. All of the above are true
A. Initiates in the root canal system due to damage to odontoblastic layer
89
Which of the following is initiated in the _periodontium_ due to damage to **cementoblastic** **layer**?
A. External resorption
B. Internal resorption
A. External resorption
90
Discuss **Calcifications Metamorphosis** in regards to each of the following:
* What is it/ what causes it?
* Calcific metamorphosis to occur w/ \_\_\_\_?
* What happens to the color of the tooth?
* What happens to the canals of the tooth?
91
Discuss **Calcium hydroxide (CaOH2)** in regards to each of the following:
* Stimulates _______ to repair with dentinal bridge formation.
* pH?
92
Discuss **Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA)** in regards to each of the following:
* **Stimulates ______ to produce hard tissue.**
* How many minerals?
* What are those minerals?
* How long is setting time for MTA?
* What are the 3 things that make it useful?
* What are the 3's to remember?
93
Which of the following stimulates secondary odontoblastic to secrete tertiary dentin to repair with dentinal bridge formation?
A. Calcium Hydroxide
B. MTA
A. Calcium Hydroxide
94
Which of the following stimulates **_cementoblasts_** to produce hard tissue?
A. Calcium Hydroxide
B. MTA
B. MTA
95
All of the following are **vital pulp therapies** EXCEPT:
A. Indirect pulp cap
B. Direct pulp cap
C. Cvek pulpotomy
D. Pulpotomy
E. Pulpectomy
E. Pulpectomy
96
All of the following are **vital pulp therapies** EXCEPT:
A. Indirect pulp cap
B. Apexogenesis
C. Cvek pulpotomy
D. Pulpotomy
E. Apexification
E. Apexification
97
Discuss **Indirect pulp caps** in regards to each of the following:
* _____ or _____ is placed on thin partition of remaining dentin that if removed, might expose the _healthy pulp_.
* Caries progression?
98
Discuss **Direct pulp caps** in regards to each of the following:
* ______ is placed directly on otherwise \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Traumatic exposure how long ago?
* Hard tissue barrier will hopefully form within \_\_\_\_\_\_.
99
Discuss **Cvek Pulpotomy** in regards to each of the following:
* Also known as ______ or _______ pulpotomy.
* Removal of small portion of coronal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* Traumatic exposure \_\_\_greater/less than\_\_\_ 24hrs.
* Carious or mechanical exposure greater or equal to \_\_\_\_mm.
100
Discuss **Pulpotomy** in regards to each of the following:
* Removal of coronal _____ pulp.
* Traumatic experience how long ago?
* Primary teeth?
* What materials are used in tx?
101
Which of the is the tx for a traumatic exposure **greater than or equal to 24hrs**?
A. Indirect pulp cap
B. Direct pulp cap
C. Cvek pulpotomy
D. Pulpotomy
C. Cvek pulpotomy
102
**CaOH** or **RMGI** is placed on thin partition of remaining dentin that if removed, might expose the healthy pulp is the tx for which of the following?
A. Indirect pulp cap
B. Direct pulp cap
C. Cvek pulpotomy
D. Pulpotomy
A. Indirect pulp cap
103
Discuss Buckley's **Formocresol** and what its composed of**?**
104
Discuss **Pulpectomy** in regards to each of the following:
* Removal of coronal and Radicular \_\_\_or\_\_ pulp.
* Often as \_\_\_\_\_.
* For primary = ?
* Zoe, CaOH?
105
Discuss Extraction and Root Canal Tx:
106
All of the following are true regarding **Apexogenesis** EXCEPT:
A. Maintain pulp vitality in order to stimulate root development and allow the body to make a stronger root.
B. CaOH or MTA is placed on healthy or diseased pulp
C. Includes any pulpectomy performed in an immature permanent tooth
D. Contraindicated in avulsed, nonrestorable, severe horizontal fracture and necrotic teeth
E. All of the above are true
C. Includes any pulpectomy performed in an immature permanent tooth
**Apexogenesis**: includes any IPC, DPC, Cvek, or pulpotomy performed in an immature permanent tooth
**Apexification**: includes any pulpectomy performed in an immature permanent tooth
107
All of the following are true regarding **Apexification** EXCEPT:
A. Disinfection of root canal followed by induction of an acceptable apical barrier
B. CaOH or MTA is placed on healthy or diseased pulp
C. Includes any pulpectomy performed in an immature permanent tooth
D. All of the above are true
B. CaOH or MTA is placed on healthy or diseased pulp
108
Which of the following is **true** regarding **Apexogenesis**?
A. Disinfection of root canal followed by induction of an acceptable apical barrier
B. CaOH or MTA is placed at base of canal after dead or dying pulp is removed
C. Includes any pulpectomy performed in an immature permanent tooth
D. Includes any indirect pulp cap, direct pulp cap, Cvek, or pulpotomy performed in immature permanent tooth
E. All of the above are true
D. Includes any indirect pulp cap, direct pulp cap, Cvek, or pulpotomy performed in immature permanent tooth
109
**Apexogenesis** includes all of the following EXCEPT;
A. Indirect pulp cap
B. Pulpectomy
C. Pulpotomy
D. Direct pulp cap
E. Cvek pulpotomy
B. Pulpectomy
110
Which of the following Tx options require the tooth to be **vital**?
A. Apexogenesis
B. Apexification
A. Apexogenesis
Apexogenesis = requires a vital pulp as a prerequisite
Apexification = done on a necrotic pulp to close the apex
