ENERGY FLOW: Governed by: Laws of ________ 1. ________ 2. ________

Thermodynamics 1. Law of Conservation of Energy 2. Law of Entropy

Trophic Level in GRASSLAND BIOME: 1. _____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______

1. GRASS ➝ 2. GRASSHOPPER ➝ 3. RAT ➝ 4. SNAKE ➝ 5. HAWK

Trophic Level in POND BIOME: 1. _____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______

1. ALGAE ➝ 2. MOSQUITO LARVA ➝ 3. DRAGONFLY LARVA ➝ 4. FISH ➝ 5. RACCOON

Trophic Level in OCEAN BIOME: 1. _____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______

1. PHYTOPLANKTON ➝ 2. ZOOPLANKTON ➝ 3. FISH ➝ 4. SEAL ➝ 5. WHITE SHARK

- LOWER energy: ______ (______) - Energy flow is _______ - Exerts _____ EFFECT on producers

- <1/4 (5–20%) - UNIDIRECTIONAL - DIRECT

- HIGHER energy: (___-___) - Energy flow is _____ ______ - No control over supply of resources “Simply wait for litter to fall” - Dependent on RATES OF ______

- 2/3 to 3/4 - NOT UNIDIRECTIONAL - SENESCENCE

ENERGY / MATTER FLOW Flashcards by JANINE MARIE MACAWILE

COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS in Ecosystems:

ENERGY FLOW
NUTRIENT / MATERIAL CYCLING

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ENERGY FLOW: movement of energy from:
“_____” (the sun) ➝ “______” (the biosphere)

source ; sink

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ENERGY FLOW: Governed by: Laws of ________

________
________

Thermodynamics

Law of Conservation of Energy
Law of Entropy

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Nutrient / Material Cycling Includes:

DECOMPOSITION
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

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Represented through TROPHIC STRUCTURES

ENERGY FLOW in ecosystem

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ENERGY FLOW is interlinked with _______ Cycle

MATERIAL

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Structure of different FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

TROPHIC STRUCTURE

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TROPHIC STRUCTURE determines:

_____ of ENERGY flow
_____ of CHEMICAL cycling

ROUTE
PATTERN

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2 TYPES OF BIOMASS PYRAMID

BIOMAS PYRAMID I
BIOMAS PYRAMID II

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A LARGE biomass of PRODUCERS supports a much SMALLER biomass of CONSUMERS

BIOMAS PYRAMID I

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A SMALL biomass of rapidly growing PHYTOPLANKTON (PRODUCERS) supports a LARGER biomass of slower-growing ZOOPLANKTON (CONSUMERS)

BIOMAS PYRAMID II

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Indicates theENERGY CONTENT in the biomass of each trophic level

ENERGY PYRAMID

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Energy loss at each level:
Lost in the form of HEAT (as much as 80-90%)

RULE OF TEN

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Due to energy loss:
Chains are limited to no more than _____ OR _____ TROPHIC LEVELS

4 OR 5

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Trophic Level in GRASSLAND BIOME:

_____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______

GRASS ➝ 2. GRASSHOPPER ➝ 3. RAT ➝ 4. SNAKE ➝ 5. HAWK

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Trophic Level in POND BIOME:

_____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______

ALGAE ➝ 2. MOSQUITO LARVA ➝ 3. DRAGONFLY LARVA ➝ 4. FISH ➝ 5. RACCOON

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Trophic Level in OCEAN BIOME:

_____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______

PHYTOPLANKTON ➝ 2. ZOOPLANKTON ➝ 3. FISH ➝ 4. SEAL ➝ 5. WHITE SHARK

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TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN

GRAZING
DETRITAL

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In ______ communities, GRAZING food chain is more DOMINANT

AQUATIC COMMUNITIES

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LOWER energy: ______ (______)
Energy flow is _______
Exerts _____ EFFECT on producers

<1/4 (5–20%)
UNIDIRECTIONAL
DIRECT

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HIGHER energy: (___-___)
Energy flow is _____ ______
No control over supply of resources
“Simply wait for litter to fall”
Dependent on RATES OF ______

2/3 to 3/4
NOT UNIDIRECTIONAL
SENESCENCE

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Based on DEAD ORGANIC MATTER (including feces)

DETRITAL FOOD CHAIN

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Based on LIVING PLANT BIOMASS

GRAZING FOOD CHAIN

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T OR F

Food chains DON’T EXIST in real ecosystems

TRUE

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Almost all organisms are eaten by more than one predator ; reflect MULTIPLE & SHIFTING INTERACTIONS

FOOD WEBS

Rate of BIOMASS GENERATION

PRODUCTIVITY

AMOUNT of ORGANIC MATTER in the ecosystem

BIOMASS

TYPES OF PRODUCTIVITY

1. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY 2. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY

1. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ➝ ______ 2. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY ➝ ______

1. AUTOTROPHS 2. HETEROTROPHS

PRODUCTIVITY IS EXPRESSED IN:

- MASS/unit SURFACE/unit TIME or - VOLUME/unit TIME

SOLAR energy → CHEMICAL energy by autotrophs

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

COMPONENTS OF PP

1. GROSS PP 2. NET PP

TOTAL ENERGY fixed by autotrophs

GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

GPP minus Community Respiration (CR)

NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

FACTORS limiting PP:

1. TEMP 2. LIGHT 3. PRECIPITATION 4. NUTRIENTS

FACTORS limiting PP in TERRESTRIAL ecosystems

Light Temperature Precipitation Nutrients SPECIES TYPE

FACTORS limiting PP in Aquatic Ecosystems:

Light Nutrients

Penetration DECREASES with depth = INVERSELY Proportional to DEPTH

LIGHT

Amount of light intensity on the light curve where the RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS = RATE OF RESPIRATION

LIGHT COMPENSATION POINT (LCP)

GPP = CR → _______

NPP = 0

PHOTOSYNTHESIS > RESPIRATION

GPP > CR → NPP > 0

PHOTOSYNTHESIS < RESPIRATION

GPP < CR → NPP < 0

NUTRIENTS in AQUATIC Ecosystems may COME FROM

- DECOMPOSITION - LAND SURFACE RUN-OFF

Settle at the bottom of aquatic ecosystems (sediments)

NUTRIENTS

NUTRIENTS Return to photic zone during:

- Lake turnover - Ocean upwelling

LIMITING NUTRIENTS

NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS

usually limits MARINE primary productivity

NITROGEN

usually limits FRESHWATER primary productivity

PHOSPHORUS

ENERGY and MATTER flow through ecosystems TOGETHER as _____ _____

ORGANIC MATTER

- Degradation of organic matter into inorganic forms

DECOMPOSITION

DECOMPOSITION is the BREAKDOWN of _____ _____ formed during the construction of plant and animal tissues

CHEMICAL BONDS

Processes Involved in Decomposition :

1. Release of chemical energy 2. Mineralization 3. Immobilization

Steps in Decomposition

LMCMS 1. Leaching 2. Mechanical breakdown 3. Chemical breakdown 4. Chemical modification 5. Stabilization of organic components

Decomposer Categories

1. MICROFAUNA & MICROFLORA 2. MESOFAUNA 3. VERTEBRATE SCAVENGERS

< 100µm Examples: bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa

1. MICROFAUNA & MICROFLORA

100µm – 2mm Examples: mite, springtail, potworm

2. MESOFAUNA

Function: Consumers of animal carrion

3. VERTEBRATE SCAVENGERS

FACTORS Affecting Decomposition

1. TYPE OF MATTER to decompose 2. ENVIRONMENTAL & BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

Type of matter to decompose: (fastest to slowest decomposition rate)

Sugars Starch Hemicellulose Pectin and proteins Cellulose Lignin Suberin Cutin

Environmental & Biological Factors:

- Oxygen - Temperature - Moisture - Abundance & type of decomposers

TYPE of decomposers:

1. Macro- vs. Micro-decomposers 2. Generalists vs. Specialists

Zones of Production and Decomposition

1. Zone of PRIMARY PRODUCTION 2. Zone of DECOMPOSITION

Zone of PRIMARY PRODUCTION on LAND

CANOPY

Zone of PRIMARY PRODUCTION on WATER

PHOTIC ZONE / SURFACE WATERS

Zone of DECOMPOSITION on LAND

FOREST FLOOR

Zone of DECOMPOSITION on WATER

BENTHIC ZONE / BOTTOM SEDIMENTS

pathway by which a CHEMICAL ELEMENT MOVE through biological (biosphere) and physical (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere) parts of the Earth

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

FATE of ELEMENTS: 1. ______ immediately 2. ACCUMULATED in a _______ (SINK) for a long time before being recycled

RECYCLED RESERVOIR

General Model of Nutrient Cycling

Input → Internal Cycling → Output

8 Most Abundant Elements in the Earth’s CRUST

O Si Al FeCa NaK M? 1. Oxygen (O) – 46.6% 2. Silicon (Si) – 27.7% 3. Aluminum (Al) – 8.1% 4. Iron (Fe) – 5.0% 5. Calcium (Ca) – 3.6% 6. Sodium (Na) – 2.8% 7. Potassium (K) – 2.6% 8. Magnesium (Mg) – 2.1%

6 Elements of Living Systems

1. Carbon (C) 2. Hydrogen (H) 3. Oxygen (O) 4. Nitrogen (N) 5. Phosphorus (P) 6. Sulfur (S)

MOVEMENT of ATOMS through living and non-living systems

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

Major Biogeochemical Cycles

1. Hydrologic Cycle 2. Oxygen Cycle 3. Carbon Cycle 4. Nitrogen Cycle 5. Phosphorus Cycle 6. Sulfur Cycle

Cycled ______ are all components of LIVING ORGANISMS

NUTRIENTS

INTERNAL CYCLING PROCESSES

1. PRIMARY PRODUCTION 2. DECOMPOSITION

ENERGY / MATTER FLOW Flashcards

(75 cards)