SECOND SEM > ENERGY / MATTER FLOW > Flashcards

ENERGY / MATTER FLOW Flashcards

(75 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS in Ecosystems:

A

ENERGY FLOW
NUTRIENT / MATERIAL CYCLING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ENERGY FLOW: movement of energy from:
“_____” (the sun) ➝ “______” (the biosphere)

A

source ; sink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ENERGY FLOW: Governed by: Laws of ________

  1. ________
  2. ________
A

Thermodynamics

  1. Law of Conservation of Energy
  2. Law of Entropy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nutrient / Material Cycling Includes:

A
  1. DECOMPOSITION
  2. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Represented through TROPHIC STRUCTURES

A

ENERGY FLOW in ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ENERGY FLOW is interlinked with _______ Cycle

A

MATERIAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Structure of different FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

A

TROPHIC STRUCTURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TROPHIC STRUCTURE determines:

  • _____ of ENERGY flow
  • _____ of CHEMICAL cycling
A
  • ROUTE
  • PATTERN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 TYPES OF BIOMASS PYRAMID

A

BIOMAS PYRAMID I
BIOMAS PYRAMID II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A LARGE biomass of PRODUCERS supports a much SMALLER biomass of CONSUMERS

A

BIOMAS PYRAMID I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A SMALL biomass of rapidly growing PHYTOPLANKTON (PRODUCERS) supports a LARGER biomass of slower-growing ZOOPLANKTON (CONSUMERS)

A

BIOMAS PYRAMID II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Indicates theENERGY CONTENT in the biomass of each trophic level

A

ENERGY PYRAMID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Energy loss at each level:
Lost in the form of HEAT (as much as 80-90%)

A

RULE OF TEN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Due to energy loss:
Chains are limited to no more than _____ OR _____ TROPHIC LEVELS

A

4 OR 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Trophic Level in GRASSLAND BIOME:

  1. _____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______
A
  1. GRASS ➝ 2. GRASSHOPPER ➝ 3. RAT ➝ 4. SNAKE ➝ 5. HAWK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Trophic Level in POND BIOME:

  1. _____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______
A
  1. ALGAE ➝ 2. MOSQUITO LARVA ➝ 3. DRAGONFLY LARVA ➝ 4. FISH ➝ 5. RACCOON
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Trophic Level in OCEAN BIOME:

  1. _____ ➝ 2. ______ ➝ 3. _____ ➝ 4. ______ ➝ 5. _______
A
  1. PHYTOPLANKTON ➝ 2. ZOOPLANKTON ➝ 3. FISH ➝ 4. SEAL ➝ 5. WHITE SHARK
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TYPES OF FOOD CHAIN

A

GRAZING
DETRITAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In ______ communities, GRAZING food chain is more DOMINANT

A

AQUATIC COMMUNITIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • LOWER energy: ______ (______)
  • Energy flow is _______
  • Exerts _____ EFFECT on producers
A
  • <1/4 (5–20%)
  • UNIDIRECTIONAL
  • DIRECT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • HIGHER energy: (___-___)
  • Energy flow is _____ ______
  • No control over supply of resources
    “Simply wait for litter to fall”
  • Dependent on RATES OF ______
A
  • 2/3 to 3/4
  • NOT UNIDIRECTIONAL
  • SENESCENCE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Based on DEAD ORGANIC MATTER (including feces)

A

DETRITAL FOOD CHAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Based on LIVING PLANT BIOMASS

A

GRAZING FOOD CHAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T OR F

Food chains DON’T EXIST in real ecosystems

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Almost all organisms are eaten by more than one predator ; reflect MULTIPLE & SHIFTING INTERACTIONS
FOOD WEBS
26
Rate of BIOMASS GENERATION
PRODUCTIVITY
27
AMOUNT of ORGANIC MATTER in the ecosystem
BIOMASS
28
TYPES OF PRODUCTIVITY
1. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY 2. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY
29
1. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ➝ ______ 2. SECONDARY PRODUCTIVITY ➝ ______
1. AUTOTROPHS 2. HETEROTROPHS
30
PRODUCTIVITY IS EXPRESSED IN:
- MASS/unit SURFACE/unit TIME or - VOLUME/unit TIME
31
SOLAR energy → CHEMICAL energy by autotrophs
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
32
COMPONENTS OF PP
1. GROSS PP 2. NET PP
33
TOTAL ENERGY fixed by autotrophs
GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
34
GPP minus Community Respiration (CR)
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
35
FACTORS limiting PP:
1. TEMP 2. LIGHT 3. PRECIPITATION 4. NUTRIENTS
36
FACTORS limiting PP in TERRESTRIAL ecosystems
Light Temperature Precipitation Nutrients SPECIES TYPE
37
FACTORS limiting PP in Aquatic Ecosystems:
Light Nutrients
38
Penetration DECREASES with depth = INVERSELY Proportional to DEPTH
LIGHT
39
Amount of light intensity on the light curve where the RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS = RATE OF RESPIRATION
LIGHT COMPENSATION POINT (LCP)
40
GPP = CR → _______
NPP = 0
41
PHOTOSYNTHESIS > RESPIRATION
GPP > CR → NPP > 0
42
PHOTOSYNTHESIS < RESPIRATION
GPP < CR → NPP < 0
43
NUTRIENTS in AQUATIC Ecosystems may COME FROM
- DECOMPOSITION - LAND SURFACE RUN-OFF
44
Settle at the bottom of aquatic ecosystems (sediments)
NUTRIENTS
45
NUTRIENTS Return to photic zone during:
- Lake turnover - Ocean upwelling
46
LIMITING NUTRIENTS
NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS
47
usually limits MARINE primary productivity
NITROGEN
48
usually limits FRESHWATER primary productivity
PHOSPHORUS
49
ENERGY and MATTER flow through ecosystems TOGETHER as _____ _____
ORGANIC MATTER
50
- Degradation of organic matter into inorganic forms
DECOMPOSITION
51
DECOMPOSITION is the BREAKDOWN of _____ _____ formed during the construction of plant and animal tissues
CHEMICAL BONDS
52
Processes Involved in Decomposition :
1. Release of chemical energy 2. Mineralization 3. Immobilization
53
Steps in Decomposition
LMCMS 1. Leaching 2. Mechanical breakdown 3. Chemical breakdown 4. Chemical modification 5. Stabilization of organic components
54
Decomposer Categories
1. MICROFAUNA & MICROFLORA 2. MESOFAUNA 3. VERTEBRATE SCAVENGERS
55
< 100µm Examples: bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa
1. MICROFAUNA & MICROFLORA
56
100µm – 2mm Examples: mite, springtail, potworm
2. MESOFAUNA
57
Function: Consumers of animal carrion
3. VERTEBRATE SCAVENGERS
58
FACTORS Affecting Decomposition
1. TYPE OF MATTER to decompose 2. ENVIRONMENTAL & BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
59
Type of matter to decompose: (fastest to slowest decomposition rate)
Sugars Starch Hemicellulose Pectin and proteins Cellulose Lignin Suberin Cutin
60
Environmental & Biological Factors:
- Oxygen - Temperature - Moisture - Abundance & type of decomposers
61
TYPE of decomposers:
1. Macro- vs. Micro-decomposers 2. Generalists vs. Specialists
62
Zones of Production and Decomposition
1. Zone of PRIMARY PRODUCTION 2. Zone of DECOMPOSITION
63
Zone of PRIMARY PRODUCTION on LAND
CANOPY
64
Zone of PRIMARY PRODUCTION on WATER
PHOTIC ZONE / SURFACE WATERS
65
Zone of DECOMPOSITION on LAND
FOREST FLOOR
66
Zone of DECOMPOSITION on WATER
BENTHIC ZONE / BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
67
pathway by which a CHEMICAL ELEMENT MOVE through biological (biosphere) and physical (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere) parts of the Earth
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
68
FATE of ELEMENTS: 1. ______ immediately 2. ACCUMULATED in a _______ (SINK) for a long time before being recycled
RECYCLED RESERVOIR
69
General Model of Nutrient Cycling
Input → Internal Cycling → Output
70
8 Most Abundant Elements in the Earth’s CRUST
O Si Al FeCa NaK M? 1. Oxygen (O) – 46.6% 2. Silicon (Si) – 27.7% 3. Aluminum (Al) – 8.1% 4. Iron (Fe) – 5.0% 5. Calcium (Ca) – 3.6% 6. Sodium (Na) – 2.8% 7. Potassium (K) – 2.6% 8. Magnesium (Mg) – 2.1%
71
6 Elements of Living Systems
1. Carbon (C) 2. Hydrogen (H) 3. Oxygen (O) 4. Nitrogen (N) 5. Phosphorus (P) 6. Sulfur (S)
72
MOVEMENT of ATOMS through living and non-living systems
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
73
Major Biogeochemical Cycles
1. Hydrologic Cycle 2. Oxygen Cycle 3. Carbon Cycle 4. Nitrogen Cycle 5. Phosphorus Cycle 6. Sulfur Cycle
74
Cycled ______ are all components of LIVING ORGANISMS
NUTRIENTS
75
INTERNAL CYCLING PROCESSES
1. PRIMARY PRODUCTION 2. DECOMPOSITION
SECOND SEM
flashcards
Decks in class (28)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions