BIO 150 LEC Quiz 1 p2 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
ABIOTIC FACTORS
A
light, temperature, water
2
Q
The ability of an organism to MAINTAIN its ECOLOGICAL NICHE is determined by its ability to tolerate a range of PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL FACTORS present in the environment.
A
Law of Tolerance
3
Q
Law of Tolerance was coined by
A
Victor Ernest Shelford, 1911
4
Q
Graph of Law of Tolerance
x-axis: _______
y-axis: _______
A
x-axis: Intensity of condition
y-axis: Performance of species: survive, grow, reproduce
5
Q
- Generalized response
- Extreme conditions are ________; less extreme
conditions PREVENT _______; only OPTIMAL CONDITIONS ALLOW REPRODUCTION - Appropriate for conditions like TEMP and pH
A
RESPONSE CURVE 1
LETHAL ; GROWTH
6
Q
- can be ZERO
- Lethal only at high intensities
- LOW-LEVEL intensity or concentration of the factor has NO
detectable EFFECT but an increase begins to cause damage and a
further increase may be lethal. - Response curve for TOXINS, radioactive emissions, CHEMICAL
pollutants
A
RESPONSE CURVE 2
7
Q
- can NOT be ZERO
- Response to conditions that are toxic at high levels but
________, as a RESOURCE FOR GROWTH, at LOW LEVELS - This is the case for NaCl and for many elements that are
essential MICRONUTRIENTS (e.g. Cu, Zn, Mn, etc.)
A
RESPONSE CURVE 3
ESSENTIAL
8
Q
There are always ________…
Organisms can tolerate different conditions, but their ability to survive depends on many factors, and being strong in one area often means being weak in another.
A
trade-offs
9
Q
visible electromagnetic radiation (400-700 nm); primary energy source for the biosphere
A
LIGHT
10
Q
Light emitted from the sun
A
RADIANT ENERGY
11
Q
4 Characteristics of Light that influence its effects on organisms
A
DIP Q
DIRECTIONALITY (from what angle?)
INTENSITY (how much?)
PERIODICITY (for how long?)
QUALITY (what wavelengths?)
12
Q
– Strength of light;
- measured in _____ or _____ (fc) ;
A
INENSITY
LUX / FOOTCANDLES
13
Q
FACTORS OF LIGHT INTENSITY
A
- DISTANCE FROM SOURCE
- ANGLE OF INCOMING LIGHT
- ORBITAL VARIATIONS
- SOLAR ENERGY OUTPUT
- other factors (e.g. SEASON, WEATHER, CLOUD COVER, TIME OF DAY, PLANT COVER, AIR PARTICLES)
14
Q
low angle = low intensity;
high angle = high intensity
A
ANGLE OF INCOMING LIGHT
15
Q
ORBITAL VARIATIONS
A
PESO
- PRECESSION
- ECCENTRICITY
- variations in solar energy output (SOLAR CYCLE)
- OBLIQUITY
16
Q
how elliptical the orbit is
A
- ECCENTRICITY
17
Q
degree of tilt
A
- OBLIQUITY
18
Q
direction of tilt
A
- PRECESSION
19
Q
SOLAR CYCLE.
the approximately 11-year cycle of solar activity, characterized by fluctuations in the number of sunspots on the Sun’s surface (SUNSPOT MINIMUM & MAXIMUM). It was discovered by ____ _____ ______ in 1843
A
Samuel Heinrich Schwabe
SCHWABE CYCLE
20
Q
Wavelength and color of light
A
QUALITY OF LIGHT
21
Q
- duration of day length;
- function of latitude and season
A
PERIODICITY
22
Q
- angle of incidence
- affected by lat, season, time of the day
- affected by the TILT & PRECISION
A
DIRECTIONALITY
23
Q
FATE OF INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
A
SR. RAT
SCATTERED
REFRACTED
REFLECTED
ABSORBED
TRANSMITTED
24
Q
FATE OF INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
in PLANTS: WITHOUT CHANGE in wavelength
A
REFLECTED
25
FATE OF INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
in PLANTS: ABSORBED - _____, ______, ______
* RAISE plant TEMPERATURE.
* contribute to TRANSPIRATION / evaporation
* drive PHOTOSYNTHESIS / reach chloroplast
26
FATE OF INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION
in PLANTS: after some wavelengths have been filtered out; CHANGE in both QUALITY and INTENSITY of light)
TRANSMITTED
27
FILTRATION OF LIGHT IN A:
* 79% absorbed by the canopy layer
* 2% absorbed by the forest floor
TROPIC RAINFOREST
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FILTRATION OF LIGHT IN A:
* 36% absorbed by the grass
* 5% absorbed by the soil
* an OPEN AREA has more SURFACE AREA for light to be ABSORBED
GRASSLAND
29
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
* as a CONDITION
* as a RESOURCE
30
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
– involved in:
* Circadian rhythms
* photoperiodism
* phototropism
* phototaxis
* as a CONDITION
31
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
– involved in phototrophy, photosynthesis
* as a RESOURCE
Photosynthetically Active
Radiation
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LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a CONDITION
response to DAY LENGTH
PHOTOPERIODISM
33
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a CONDITION
growth movement
PHOTOTROPISM
34
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a CONDITION
movement follows the light as stimulus
PHOTOAXIS
35
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a CONDITION
the physical, mental, and behavioral changes an organism experiences over a 24-hour cycle
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
36
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a RESOURCE
utilizing energy from the sun to perform metabolic processes
PHOTOTROPHY
37
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a RESOURCE
specific process that uses light to produce glucose
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
38
LIGHT AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR * as a RESOURCE
* utilizing _____ ______ ______, wavelengths which DEPEND ON PRIMARY PIGMENTS USED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
* color of light = REFLECTED light spectrum
e.g. Algae absorbs blue-violet light
PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION (PAR)
39
SHADE is a ____ ____ ____ because shading REDUCES the INTENSITY of light and changes which particular wavelengths are transmitted across
RESOURCE DEPLETION ZONE (RDZ)
40
Zone that light does not reach
APHOTIC ZONE
41
Zone that light reach
up until ____meters in open ocean
PHOTIC ZONE
200m
42
ORGANISMS THAT UTIIZE LIGHT; NOT ALL PHOTOSYNTHESIZES
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
43
Types of PLANTS based on LIGHT UTILIZATION
HELIOPHYTES
SCIOPHYTES
44
HELIOPHYTES
(a.k.a. _____ ______)
▪ needs ____ ____ for growth
▪ efficient use of _____ LIGHT INTENSITY
▪ never reach PHOTOSYNTHETIC ______
▪ SMALL, ANGLED leaves
SUN PLANTS
FULL SUN
HIGH
SATURATION
45
SCIOPHYTES
(a.k.a. ___ _____)
▪ Inhibited _____ full sun
▪ More efficient Ps at ____ LIGHT INTENSITIES
▪ often reach SATURATION LEVELS at _____ full sunlight
▪ LARGE, HORIZONTALLY oriented leaves w/ lots of ______ and _____ ____
SHADE PLANTS
UNDER
LOW
20%
CHLOROPHYLL ; ACESSORY PIGMENTS
46
Point of MINIMUM AMOUNT of LIGHT TOLERANCE for photosynthesis
LIGHT COMPENSATION
47
Point of MAXIMUM AMOUNT of LIGHT TOLERANCE for photosynthesis
LIGHT SATURATION
48
- a measure of the AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY of the atoms or molecules in the system
TEMPERATURE
49
- thermal energy transferred from a HOTTER SYSTEM to a COOLER SYSTEM;
- 0 HEAT FLOW if in _____ ______
HEAT
THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
50
TEMPERATURE IS USED TO DESCRIBE:
1. MICROCLIMATE
2. MACROCLIMATE
51
what WEATHER STATIONS and what we represent with CLIMATE DIAGRAMS
MACROCLIMATE
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climatic variation on a scale of a few km, m, cm; measured over SHORT PERIODS OF TIME
MICROCLIMATE
53
TEMPERATURE IS AFFECTED BY:
* ALTITUDE & LATITUDE
* CONTINENTAL/MARITIME LOCATION
* SURFACE FEATURES (Vegetation)
54
Organisms respond to TEMPERATURE like the RESPONSE CURVE ____ of Shelford’s Law of Tolerance
RESPONSE CURVE 1
55
4 TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS THAT THRIVE IN CERTAIN TEMPERATURES:
HYPERTHERMOPHILES
THERMOPHILES
MESOPHILES
PSYCHROPHILES
56
MICROORGANISMS THAT Thrive at very high temp (above 100°C)
HYPERTHERMOPHILES
57
MICROORGANISMS THAT live at high temp (60-100°C)
THERMOPHILES
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MICROORGANISMS THAT live at moderate temp (20°C)
MESOPHILES
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MICROORGANISMS THAT live at low temp (-20°C)
PSYCHROPHILES
60
Types of organisms based on...
* STABILITY OF BODY TEMP
* SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR REGULATING BODY TEMP
61
Types of organisms based on... * STABILITY OF BODY TEMP
COLD BLOODED ; THERMOCONFORMERS
"______" = VARYING
POIKILOTHERM
"POIKILO"
62
Types of organisms based on... * STABILITY OF BODY TEMP
WARM BLOODED = THERMOREGULATORS
"______" = SAME
HOMEOTHERM
"HOMEO"
63
Types of organisms based on... * SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR REGULATING BODY TEMP
ECTOTHERM
ENDOTHERM
64
Types of organisms based on... * SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR REGULATING BODY TEMP
heat from outside (environment)
ECTOTHERM
65
Types of organisms based on... * SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR REGULATING BODY TEMP
heat from inside (organism’s own
metabolism)
ENDOTHERM
66
T OR F.
Many poikilotherms are ectotherms : many homeotherms are endothermic,
BUT some animals that exhibit _______ endothermy are pokilothermic
TRUE
FACULTATIVE
67
Endotherms and ectotherms CO-EXIST:
HIGH COST: HIGH BENEFIT strategy of _______;
LOW COST: LOW BENEFIT strategy of _______
HIGH:HIGH = ENDOTHERMS
LOW:LOW = ECTOTHERMS
68
Some adaptations to extreme temperatures
* Temperature Regulation Mechanisms
* Cold Adaptations
* Heat Adaptations
69
Some adaptations to extreme temperatures
TEMPERATURE REGULATION MECHANISM
* INSULATION (e.g. blubbers)
* EVAPORATIVE COOLING (e.g.
panting, sweating)
* Adjustment of SUPERCOOLING POINTS
* COUNTERCURRENT HEAT EXCHANGERS (e.g. blood
vessels in bird’s feet)
70
Some adaptations to extreme temperatures
COLD ADAPTATIONS
* FREEZE-AVOIDANCE (ice crystals are prevented from forming)
* FREEZE-TOLERANCE (encourage formation of extracellular ice to minimize intracellular damage)
* Other morphological, anatomical, and behavioral features
71
Some adaptations to extreme temperatures
HEAT ADAPTATIONS
To high temp.
– MODIFIED MEMBRANES and
PROTEINS
– PROTECTIVE LAYERS (waxes)
– REFLECTVE SURFACES
– Other anatomical features
72
RESTING STAGES under extreme temperatures:
THE
* TORPOR
* HIBERNATION
* ESTIVATION
73
RESTING STAGES under extreme temperatures:
state of low metabolic rate (hrs)
TORPOR
74
RESTING STAGES under extreme temperatures:
prolonged ‘stasis’ (months) during winter
HIBERNATION
75
RESTING STAGES under extreme temperatures:
prolonged ‘stasis’ during summer
ESTIVATION
76
Temperature as a STIMULUS/SIGNAL FOR:
* Whether or not an organism starts _______ (e.g. germination)
* May _______ with other STIMULI (e.g. photoperiod)
* Growth, FLOWERING, GERMINATION, RIPENING of fruits Interaction of temperature with other factors
* conditions may favor growth and/or spread of _______ AGENT, or WEAKENING OF HOST
DEVELOPMENT/GROWING
INTERAC T
DISEASE
77
DEFENSES OF TEMPERATURE
* COMPETITION
* HUMIDITY
78
DEFENSES OF TEMPERATURE.
– modifies the response to temp because of the presence of a competitor
COMPETITION
79
DEFENSES OF TEMPERATURE.
– RH closely tied to Temp
HUMIDITY
