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human health > Environemntal Issues > Flashcards

Environemntal Issues Flashcards

1
Q

The gov of India has passed the _____ act to protect and improve the quality of our environment .

A

Environmental (protection) act

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2
Q

Environment act was passed in -

A

1986

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3
Q

_____ of thermal power plants , smelters and other industries release particulate and gaseous. Pollutants together with ‘harmless gases’ like =

A

Smokestacks
N2
O2

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4
Q

The pollutants from thermal smokestacks , smelters must be _____ out before releasing the harmless gases into the atm .

A

Separated/filtered

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5
Q

Most widely used method of removing particulate matter -

A

Electrostatic precipitator

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6
Q

Electrostatic precipitator can remove over ____% particulate matter present in the_____from a _____ .

A

99%
Exhaust
Thermal power plant

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7
Q

Electrostatic ppt has electrode wires that are maintained at _____volts ,which produce a ______ that releases ____ .

A

Several 1000 volts
Corona
Electrons

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8
Q

The collecting plates are grounded in an electrostatic ppt and attract the _____ .

A

Charged dust particles
( dust particles pass through the negative charged organ and in turn get negatively charged , therefore they are attracted by the positive collecting plates )

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9
Q

The velocity of air btw plates must be ____ to allow the _____ .

A

Low enough

Dust to fall

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10
Q

A scrubber can remove gases like _____ .

A

So2

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11
Q

In a scrubber , the exhaust is passed through a ______ .

A

Spray of water or lime

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12
Q

Scrubber cannot remove ____.

A

Particulate matter ( very very small )

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13
Q

According to _____ , particulate size of ____ in diameter is responsible for causing the greatest harm to human health .

A

Cpcb - central pollution control board

2.5 micrometer or less ( PM 2.5)

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14
Q

Particulate size of _____ are responsible for causing greatest harm to humans .

A

2.5 micrometer or LESS in DIAMETER

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15
Q

Fine particles of particulate matte can be inhaled deep into the lungs and can cause _____ and ___symptom ,_____ ,____ and damage to the lungs and premature deaths .

A

Breathing
Respiratory
Irritation
Inflammations

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16
Q

___alongwith use of ____ can reduce the pollutants they emit .

A

Proper maintenance of automobiles

Lead-free petrol or diesel

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17
Q

Catalytic converters having EXPENSIVE metals namely ____ and _____ as ____ are fitted into automobiles for reducing ______ .

A

Platinum-palladium
Rhodium
Catalysts
Emission of poisonous gases

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18
Q

As the exhaust passes though the analytic converters , __Are converted to ___ and ____ .

A

Unburnt hydrocarbons
CO2
H2O

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19
Q

Through catalytic converters , CO is change to ____and NITRIC OXIDE is changed to ______ .

A

CO2

N2 gas

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20
Q

Motor vehicles equipped with catalytic inverters should use ____ because ____ .

A

Unleaded petrol

Lead in the petrol inactivated the catalyst

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21
Q

In India , ______came into force in 1981 .

A

Air act ( prevention and control of pollution )

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22
Q

Air act was amended in _____to include noise as an __pollutant .

A

1987

AIR

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23
Q

Noise causes __and ____disorders in humans .

A

Psychological

Physiological

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24
Q

A brief exposure to extremely high level , _____ or more generated by TAKE OFF OF A JET PLANE OR ROCKET may damage eardrums .

A

150 dB

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25
Q

_____ to a relatively lower noise level of cities may permanently damage hearing abilities of humans .

A

Chronic exposure

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26
Q

Noise can cause _____ ,_____,_____ thus considerably stressing humans .

A

Sleeplessness
Inc heart beat
Altered breathing pattern

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27
Q

____of laws laid down in relation to noise like ______ of horn-free zones around hospitals and schools need to be enforced to protect ourselves from noise pollution .

A

Stringent following

Delimitation of horn-free zones

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28
Q

Reduction in noise in industries can be affected by use of ____ or by ____ .

A

Sound-absorbent materials

Muffling noise

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29
Q

Delhi has more cars than the states of ____ and ____ put together .

A

Gujarat

West Bengal

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30
Q

In 1990s , Delhi ranked __among the ___ most polluted cities of the world .

A

4th

41

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31
Q

Ir pollution problems in Delhi became so serious that a _____ was filed in the Supreme Court of India .

A

PIL(public interest limitation )

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32
Q

What was the consequence of PIL ?

A

All public transport was to be switched from diesel to CNG

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33
Q

All the buses of Delhi were converted to run on CNG by the end of ____ .

A

2002

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34
Q

How is CNG better than petrol ?

A

1) burns most efficiently
2) very little of it is left unburnt
3) CNG is cheaper than petrol
4) cannot be siphoned off by thieves and adulterated like petrol

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35
Q

Main problem of switching over to CNG is the -

A

Difficulty of laying down pipelines to deliver CNG through distribution points /pumps and ensuring uninterrupted supply .

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36
Q

Parallel steps taken in Delhi for reducing vehicular pollution -

A 
Phasing out of old vehicles 
Use of unleaded petrol
Low-sulphur petrol
Use of catalytic converters 
Application of stringent pollution-level norms
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37
Q

More stringent norms for fuels means steadily reducing the ___ and ____ in petrol and diesel fuels .

A

Sulphur

Aromatic content

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38
Q

Euro III norms stipulate that SULPHUR be controlled at ______ in diesel and ______ in petrol .

A

350 ppm - diesel

150 ppm - petrol ⛽️

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39
Q

According to Euro III norms , AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS are to be contained at _____% of the concerned fuel .

A

42%

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40
Q

The goal of EuroIII according to the roadmap , is to reduce SULPHUR to ____ in petrol and diesel and bring down the level to ____ % .

A

50 ppm

35%

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41
Q

_____is equivalent to Euro II norms .

A

Bharat Stage II

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42
Q

______ are no more applicable in any of the cities of India .

A

Mass emission standards ( bharat stage II = Euro II norms)

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43
Q

According to an estimate , a substantial fall in CO2 and SO2 level has been found in Delhi btw ____and ____ .

A

1997

2005

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44
Q

The gov of India has passed the Water Act ( prevention and control of pollution ) ..

A

1974

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45
Q

A mere __% impurities make domestic sewage unfit for humans .

A

0.1%

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46
Q

In sewage treatment , ___ are relatively easy to remove . What is most difficult to remove are _______ .

A

Solids

Dissolved salts such as nitrates ,phosphates , other nutrients and toxic metal ions and organic matter

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47
Q

The 0.1% impurities in water consist of -

A

Suspended solids - sand, silt ,clay
Colloidal material - fecal matter ,bacteria, cloth , paper fibres
Dissolved materials. - nutrients ( nitrates , ammonia ,phosphates, sodium , calcium )

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48
Q

Domestic sewage primarily contains ____ , which readily decomposes - thanks to ___and ____ , which can multiply using these organic substances as ______ and hence utilise some of the components of sewage .

A

Biodegradable organic matter
Bacteria
Other microorganisms
Substrates

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49
Q

It is possible to estimate _____ by measuring BOD.

A

Amt of biodegradable organic matter in sewage water

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50
Q

Presence of large amts of nutrients in water also cause _____ , this is called ALGAL BLOOM .

A

Excessive growth of PLANKTONIC ( free-floating ) algae

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51
Q

__imparts distinct colour to the water bodies .

A

Algal bloom

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52
Q

Algal bloom causes __and ____ .

A

Deterioration of water quality

Fish mortality

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53
Q

Some __algae are extremely toxic to human beings and animals .

A

Bloom -forming

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54
Q

World’s most problematic weed -

A

Water hyacinth ( eichhornis crassipes )

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55
Q

Sewage from __and ____ may cause outbreak serious disease such as dysentery , typhoid , jaundice , cholera ,etc .

A

Homes

hospitals

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56
Q

Unlike domestic sewage , waste water from ___,like ___,_____etc often contain toxic substances , notably HEAVY METALS and a variety of organic compounds .

A 
Industries
Petroleum 
Paper manufacturing 
Metal extraction and processing 
Chemical manufacturing
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57
Q

Heavy metals are elements with DENSITY ____ such as __,__,___,____.

A 
Density > 5 g/cm_3
Mercury
Cadmium
Copper 
Lead
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58
Q

Biomagnification occurs in the ___chain .

A

Aquatic food chain

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59
Q

Inc in conc of toxicant at successive trophic levels happens because _____ .

A

A toxic subs accumulated by an organism cannot be metabolized or excreted

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60
Q

Biomadnification is well known for -

A

Mercury

DDT

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61
Q

Conc of DDT in water -

A

0.003 ppb

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62
Q

Conc of DDT in fish eating birds -

A

25 ppm

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63
Q

Conc of DDT in zooplankton , small fish and large fish resp -

A

0.04 ppm
0.5 ppm
2 ppm

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64
Q

High levels of DDT disturb ____ in birds , which causes ____ and their ____ eventually causing decline in bird populations .

A

Ca metabolism
Thinning of eggshell
Premature breaking

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65
Q

Eutrophication is the natural aging of lake by ____ .

A

Nutrient enrichment of its water

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66
Q

In an OLD lake , streams draining into the lake introduce N and P , which encourage the ______ .

A

Growth of aquatic organisms

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67
Q

In a young lake ,the water is cold and clear , supporting _____ .

A

Little life

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68
Q

Due to eutrophication , the lake’s __inc , but ___burgeons .

A

Fertility

Plant and animal life

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69
Q

What is the ultimate result of eutrophication -

A

Organic remains get deposited lake bottom , lake gets shallower and warmer , , marsh plants take root in the shallows and begin to fill the lake basin , which gives way to large masses of floating plants (BOG ), finally converting to LAND .

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70
Q

As the lake gets shallower and warmer , ____ organisms supplant those that thrive in a ___.

A

Warm-water organisms

Cold environment

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71
Q

Depending on __,____ and ___ , the natural aging of lake takes thousands of yrs .

A

Climate
Size o lake
Other factors

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72
Q

Man’s activities like effluents from industries and homes can radically accelerate eutrophication - this is called -

A

Cultural or accelerated eutrophication

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73
Q

N and P act as plant nutrients and overstimulate ____ , causing _____ and ____ .

A

Growth of algae
Unsightly scum
Unpleasant odors

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74
Q

_____eliminates or reduces the number of organisms sensitive to high temp and MAY ENHANCE GROWTH OF PLANTS AND FISHES IN EXTREMELY COLD AREAS BUT , ONLY AFTER CAUSING DAMAGE TO THE INDIGENOUS FLORA AND FAUNA .

A

Heated thermal waste water , flowing out of electricity -generating units, ( thermal power plants )

75
Q

An example of an initiative where waste wat has been treated using a mix of artificial and natural processes -

A

Arcata -northern coast of California

76
Q

Collaborating with _____ from ______ , the ____created an integrated waste water treatment process within a natural system .

A

Biologists
Humboldt state university
Townspeople

77
Q

The cleaning in arcata marsh occurs in __stages . Name -

A

2

1) conventional SEDIMENTATION , FILTERING and CHLORINE TREATMENT
2) six connected MARSHES over 60 hectares of marshland . Appropriate plant s, algae, fungi were seeded into this area .

78
Q

After the 1st stage of cleaning process (sedimentation , filteration , chlorine ) , _____ like ____still remain .

A

Lots of dangerous pollutants

Heavy metals

79
Q

To remove heavy metals , _____ was done ..

A

6 Marshes were created

80
Q

Appropriate __,___,__and __were seeded into the marshes , which ____ ,___and ____ the pollutants ( heavy metals ).

A 
Plants 
Algae 
Fungi
Bacteria 
Neutralise 
Absorb 
Assimilate
81
Q

As water passes through the marshes ,it gets purified ____.

A

Naturally

82
Q

The marshes also constitute a ____ , with a high level of _____in the form of ___,____ and ____ that now reside there .

A 
Sanctuary 
Biodiversity 
Fishes 
Animals 
Birds
83
Q

A _grp called ______ are responsible for the upkeep and safeguarding of the arcata project ..

A

Citizen

Friends of arcata marsh ( FOAM )

84
Q

______is a sustainable system for handling human excreta , using ____.

A

Ecological sanitation

Dry composting toilets

85
Q

There are working ‘ECOSAN’ toilets in many areas of ____and ____ .

A

Kerala

Sri Lanka 🇱🇰

86
Q

_____refers to anything that goes out in trash .

A

Solid wastes

87
Q

___are wastes from homes ,offices ,stores ,schools ,hospitals etc .

A

Municipal solid wastes

88
Q

___Reduces the volume of wastes .

A

Burning

89
Q

___Are adopted as substitute for open -burning dumps .why ?

A

Sanitary landfills

In open dumps , wastes are not completely burnt and serve as breeding ground for rats and flies

90
Q

There is danger of _____ from the LANDFILLS .

A

Seepage of chemicals , polluting the underground water resources .

91
Q

All Wastes that we generate can be categorized into __types .name -

A

3
Bio-degradable
Recyclable
Non-biodegradable

92
Q

The use of _____ is crucial to disposal of hospital waste . Why ?

A

Incinerators

Becoz they contain disinfectants and other harmful chemicals and pathogenic micro-organisms .

93
Q

E-wastes are buried in ___or _____ .

A

Landfills

Incinerated

94
Q

Over ____of the e-wastes generated in developed countries are exported to developing countries , mainly to ___,____and____ .

A

Half
China
India
Pakistan

95
Q

By recycling e-wastes metals like __,___ ,__ ,___and ___ are recovered .

A 
Copper 
Iron 
Silicon 
Nickel 
Gold
96
Q

Unlike developed countries , recycling of e-wastes in developing countries often involves _____ thus ____ .

A

Manual participation

Exposing workers to toxic substances present in e-wastes

97
Q

____ is the only solution for the treatment of e-wastes ,provided it is carried out in an environment - friendly manner .

A

Recycling

98
Q

A PLASTIC SAC MANUFACTURER in _____ has managed to find the ideal sol to the problem of plastic waste .

A

Bangalore

99
Q

____ , aged ____ had been producing plastic sacs for ___yrs .

A

Ahmed khan
57 yrs
20yrs

100
Q

About ___yrs ago , Ahmed khan realised that plastic waste was a real problem .

A

8 yrs

101
Q

______ , a fine powder of _____ w developed by Ahmed khan’s company.

A

Poly blend

Recycled modified plastic

102
Q

Mixture of poly blend mixed with _____ is used for laying roads.

A

Bitumen

103
Q

Blends of poly blend and bitumen when used for laying roads enhanced BITUMEN’S ____ and helped to inc the road life by a factor of ____ .

A

Water repelling properties

3

104
Q

In collaboration with _____ and the ___ , Ahmed Khan proved that blends of poly blend and bitumen enhanced the prop of bitumen .

A

R.V college of engineering

Bangalore city corporation

105
Q

Against the price of Rs.0.40 that rag pickers had been getting , khan offers ___ .

A

Rs 6

106
Q

Using khan’s tech , by the year ___ , more than ___ km road in Bangalore has already been laid .

A

2002

40km

107
Q

____is a cyclic ,zero waste procedure , where waste products from one process are cycled in as nutrients for other processes .

A

Integrated organic farming

108
Q

_____ , a farmer in ____ is known for integrated organic farming .

A

Ramesh Chandra dagar

Sonipat

109
Q

Ramesh Chandra dagar includes ___,___,____,____ and _____ in a chain of processes .

A 
Bee-keeping 
Dairy management 
Water harvesting
Composting 
Agriculture
110
Q

Crop waste is used to create ____ , high can be used as a ___ or ____ .

A

Compost
Natural fertilizer
To generate natural gas to satisfy the energy needs of the farm .

111
Q

Dagar has created _____with a current membership of ____ farmers .

A

Haryana kisan welfare club

5000 farmers

112
Q

Initially , ____ was hailed as a non-polluting way for generating electricity .

A

Nuclear energy

113
Q

Later on ,it was realised that use of nuclear energy has ____very serious ____problems .

A

2

Inherent

114
Q

2 serious inherent problems with nuclear energy -

A

Accidental leakage

Safe disposal of radioactive wastes

115
Q

Accidental leakage occurred in ____ and ____ .

A

3 mile island

Chernobyl disaster

116
Q

At high doses , nuclear radiation is lethal but at lower doses , it creates various _____ , the most freq of all being _____ .

A

Disorders

Cancer

117
Q

It has been recommended that storage of nuclear wastes , after sufficient PRE-TREATMENT should be done in suitably ____ buried with the ___ , about _____ m deep .

A

Shielded containers
Rocks
500m

118
Q

The greenhouse effect is a ____ phenomenon .

A

Naturally occuring

119
Q

Greenhouse gases absorb ____ from the earth nd emit it again towards the earth .

A

Long wave radiation ( infrared )

120
Q

The cycle of absorption of infrared radiations from earth and emitting them back continues till _____.

A

No long wave radiation is left on the earth’s surface to emit

121
Q

Without greenhouse effect , the avg temp of the earth would have been ____ rather than the PRESENT _____ .

A

-18 degree (chilly )

15 degrees

122
Q

CLOUDS and GASES reflect about _____ of the incoming solar radiations and absorb some of it .

A

One -fourth

123
Q

Almost ____of incoming solar radiation falls on the earth heating it , while a small proportion is reflected back .

A

Half

124
Q

Earth’ surface re-emits heat in the form of _____ but part of it does not escape into space as _____ absorb a MAJOR FRACTION of it .

A

Infrared radiations

Atm gases. ( co2 , CH4 )

125
Q

What role do greenhouse gases play in heating up ?

A

The molecules of the gases which absorb infrared rad radiate energy and a major part of which again comes to earth’s surface , thus heating it once again . This cycle is repeated many times

126
Q

During the past century , the temp of earth has inc by ___ degrees , most of it during the past ____ .

A

0.6 degree

3 decades

127
Q

Scientists believe that rise in temp is. Leading to ____ changes in the environment and resulting in ____ changes called _____ .

A

Deleterious
Odd climatic
El Niño effect

128
Q

El NIno effect leads to inc ____ .

A

Melting of polar ice caps as well as of other places like the Himalayan snow caps .

129
Q

Ozone layer is thinnest over _____ .

A

Antarctica

130
Q

Ozone thickness is given in _______ .

A

Dobson units

131
Q

The ozone hole over Antarctica develops each year btw ____and ____.

A

Late August

Early October

132
Q

Bad ozone is formed in the ____atm called ____.

A

Lower

Troposphere

133
Q

Bad ozone harms ____.

A

Plants and animals

134
Q

Good ozone is formed in the upper part of the atm called ___.

A

Stratosphere

135
Q

Us rays are highly injurious to living organisms since ____and ____ of living organisms preferentially ____ UV rays and its high energy breaks the ____ within these molecules .

A

DNA
Protein
Absorb
Chemical bonds

136
Q

Ozone gas is continuously formed by the action of ____on ____and also degraded into_____ in the _____ .

A

UV rays
Molecular Oxygen
Molecular oxygen
Stratosphere

137
Q

There should be a balance of ___and _____of ozone in the _____ .

A

Production
Degradation.
Stratosphere

138
Q

The balance of ozone production and degradation has been disrupted due to enhancement of ____ .

A

Ozone degradation by CFCs

139
Q

CFCs find wide use. ____ .

A

Refrigerants

140
Q

CFCs discharged in the lower atm move upward and reach ___ .

A

Stratosphere

141
Q

In stratosphere , __rays act on ___ releasing ___atoms .

A

UV
CFCs
Cl atoms

142
Q

Cl formed from CFCs degrades __ , with these atoms acting merely as ____ .

A

Ozone releasing molecular oxygen

Catalysts

143
Q

__act as catalysts for the degradation of ozone . Why ?

A

Cl atoms

Not consumed in the reaction.

144
Q

Whatever Cl atoms are added to the stratosphere , they have. ____and ____ effects on Ozone levels .

A

Permanent

Continuing

145
Q

UV radiation of wavelength SHORTER than ____ are almost completely absorbed by earth’s atm , given. That the ozon layer is intact .

A

UV-B

146
Q

UV-B damage _____ and __may occur .

A

DNA

Mutations

147
Q

Effect of UV-B on skin -

A

Aging of skin
Damage to skin cells
Various types of skin cancers

148
Q

In human eye , ____ absorb UV-B radiation and a high doses of UV-B causes _____, called snow-blindness , ____ .

A

Inflammation of CORNEA

Cataract

149
Q

Recognizing the deleterious effects of ozone depletion , an international treaty known as _____ was signed at _____ .

A

Montreal protocol

Montreal ( Canada )

150
Q

Montreal. Protocol was signed in ___ and was effective in _____ to control the emission of OZONE DEPLETING subs .

A

1987

1989

151
Q

Protocols have laid down ____ , separately for ___and ___ , for reducing the emission of CFCs and other ozone depleting chemicals .

A

Definite roadmaps

Developed and developing countries

152
Q

_____of natural resources an occur by improper resource utilisation .

A

Degradation

153
Q

Degradation of natural resources leads to -

A

1) soil erosion and desertification

2) water logging and soil salinity

154
Q

When large barren patches extend and meet over time , a ____is created .

A

Created

155
Q

Internationally , it has been recognised that ____ is a major problem nowadays , particularly due to urbanization .

A

Desertification

156
Q

____without proper drainage of water leads to water-logging .

A

Irrigation

157
Q

Besides affecting crops , water logging draws ____ .

A

Salt to the surface of the soil .

158
Q

The increased salt content due to water logging is INIMICAL to the ___and extremely damaging to ____ .

A

Growth of crops

Agriculture

159
Q

___and ____are some the problems that have come in the wake of GREEN REVOLUTION .

A

Water logging

Soil salinity

160
Q

The salt is deposited as a thin crust on the land surface or starts collecting at the ____ .

A

Roots of the plant

161
Q

Almost __% forests have been lost in TROPICS , compared to only __% in the TEMPERATE region .

A

40%

1%

162
Q

At the beginning of te 20th century , forests covered about ___% of the land of India .

A

30%

163
Q

By the end of the century , forest cover in India shrunk to ___% , where’s the national forest policy has recommended __% forest cover for PLAINS and ___% for the hills .

A

21.54%
33%
67%

164
Q

National forest policy was made in___ .

A

1988

165
Q

One of the major reasons for deforestation -

A

Conversion of forest to agricultural land to feed the growing human population

166
Q

__agriculture has also contributed to deforestation .

A

Slash-and-burn

167
Q

Slash and burn agriculture ,commonly called ___ in the __states of India .

A

Jhum cultivation

North-eastern sates

168
Q

In slash and burn agriculture ,the farmers cutdown the trees and ______ .

A

And burn the plant remains

169
Q

The ash in slash and burn agriculture is used as a ____ and the land is then used for _____. The farmers then ___.

A

Fertilizer
Farming or cattle grazing
Move on to other areas and repeat the process

170
Q

In earlier days when Jhum cultivation was prevalent , ____was given so that the land recovered from ____ . With inc population and repeated cultivation , __Phase is done away with , resulting in deforestation .

A

Enough time-gap
the effect of cultivation
Recovery

171
Q

Consequences of deforestation -

A

Enhanced CO2 conc in atm

Loss of biodiversity

172
Q

Conc of CO2 inc in the atm due to deforestation becoz -

A

Trees could a lot of C in their biomass are lost

173
Q

Deforestation causes loss of biodiversity due to _______ , disturbs ___ , causes ___and may lead to ___ in extreme cases .

A

Habitat destruction
Hydrologic cycle
soil erosion
Desertification

174
Q

___ is a process of restoring forests that once existed but were lost .

A

Reforestation

175
Q

Reforestation may occur ____ in a __area

A

Naturally

Deforested

176
Q

In ___ , the king of jodhpur in Rajasthan asked his ministers to arrange wood for his palace .

A

1731

177
Q

The __community is known for their peaceful existence with nature .

A

Bishnoi

178
Q

A bishnoi woman , ____ hugged the tree .

A

Amrita Devi

179
Q

The gov of India has recently instituted the _______ award for indivisuals or communities from rural areas that have shown extraordinary courage and dedication in protecting wildlife .

A

Amrita Devi bishnoi wildlife protection award

180
Q

The chipko movement of ____ occurred in ___ .

A

Garhwal Himalayas

1974

181
Q

In ___ , local women enormous bravery in protecting trees from the axe of contractors by hugging them .

A

1974

182
Q

Releasing the significance of participation by local communities , the gov of India in ____ has introduced the concept of ___ .

A 
1980s
JFM (joint forest management )
183
Q

In return for their services to the forest , the communities of JFM get benefit of various forest products e.g., ______ , and thus the forest can be conserved in a sustainable manner .

A

Fruits
Gum
Rubber
Medicine

human health (8 decks)

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