Human Health Flashcards
(281 cards)
1
Q
______initiated collaboration with NORMAN BORLAUG , which culminated in the ______ , through the introduction of _____in India .
A
Swaminathan
green revolution
Mexican varieties of wheat
2
Q
Swaminathan has been awarded the ______ .
A
Padma bhushan
3
Q
The discovery of ______ by _____ using experimental method and the demonstration of ______ disproved the good humour hypothesis of health .
A
Blood circulation
Willian Harvey.
Normal body temp in persons with black bile using thermometer
4
Q
Health for a long time was considered as a state of body where there was a balance of certain ____ .this was asserted by -
A
Humours
Early Greeks like Hippocrates as well as Indian Ayurveda system of medicine
5
Q
It was thought that persons with _____ belonged o hot personality and would have fevers .
A
Black bile
6
Q
Health is affected by - 3 things
A
Genetic disorders
Infections.
Lifestyle including the food and water we take , rest and exercise
7
Q
Health does not simply mean _____or _____ .
A
Absence of disease
Physical fitness
8
Q
Define health -
A
State of complete physical , mental and social well-being
9
Q
Diseases can be broadly grouped into -
A
2
Infectious
Non-infectious
10
Q
Among non-infectious diseases , ____ is the major cause of death .
A
Cancer
11
Q
Disease causing organisms - pathogens can be -
A
Bacteria 🧫 Viruses 🦠 Fungi Protozoans Helminthes
12
Q
__have to adapt to life within the environment of the host .
A
Pathogens
13
Q
Pathogens that enter the gut must know a way of surviving in the stomach at ___ and ____ .
A
Low pH
Resisting the various digestive enzymes
14
Q
______is a pathogenic _____ which causes typhoid fever in humans .
A
Salmonella typhi
Bacterium
15
Q
Salmonella typhi bacterium generally enters the _____ through food and water contaminated with them and migrate to other organs through _____ .
A
Small intestines
Blood
16
Q
Salmonellla typhi enter the small intestines through _____ .
A
Food and water contaminated with the pathogen
17
Q
Common symptoms of TYPHOID -
A
Sustained high fever - 39-40 degrees Weakness Stomach pain Constipation Headache Loss of appetite
18
Q
In case of severe typhoid , ____and ____may occur .
A
Intestinal perforations
Death
19
Q
Typhoid fever could be confirmed by _____ .
A
Widal test
20
Q
A classic case of medicine , that of ____ who was nicknamed ______ .
A
Mary Mallon
Typhoid Mary
21
Q
______and _____ pathogens are responsible for PNEUMONIA .
A
Streptococcus pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
BACTERIA
22
Q
PNEUMONIA is a _____ disease .
A
Bacterial
23
Q
Pneumonia in humans affects the _______ .
A
Alveoli of the lungs
24
Q
What happens as a result of pneumonia -
A
Alveoli get filled with fluid leading to severe problems in respiration
25
Symptoms of pneumonia include -
Fever
Chills
Cough
Headache
26
In severe cases of pneumonia , ____may occur .
Lips and finger nails may turn gray to bluish in colour
27
How does a healthy person aquire the infection of pneumonia ?
By inhaling the droplets /aerosols released by an infected person or by sharing glasses and utensils
28
Plague is a ____ disease .
Bacterial
29
Diphtheria is a ____disease .
Bacterial
30
Dysentery is a _____disease .
Bacterial
31
______ represent one such grp of viruses which cause one of the most infectious human ailments - COMMON COLD .
Rhino. Viruses
32
Rhino infect the ____and _____ but not the ____ .
Nose and respiratory passage
| Lungs
33
Common cold is characterised by -
```
Nasal congestion and discharge
Sore throat
Hoarseness
Cough
Headache
Tiredness
```
34
The symptoms of common cold last for _____ .
3-7 days
35
Malaria is caused by a _____ pathogen .
Protozoan.
36
___ , a tiny protozoan is responsible for causing malaria .
Plasmodium
37
Different _____ of plasmodium are responsible for ___ type of malaria .
Species
| Diff types
38
Malignant malaria is caused by ______ .
P .falciparum
39
___malaria is the most serious one .
P . Falciparum - malignant
40
Diff species of plasmodium -
1) p. Vivax
2) p. Malaria
3) p. Falciparum
41
Plasmodium enters the human body as ____ .
Sporozoites
42
_____ is the infectious form of plasmodium .
Sporozoite
43
Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites through _.
Bite of female anopheles mosquito
44
After entering , the parasite - SPOROZOITES reach the ____ through the ___.
Liver
| Blood
45
What happens after the malarial parasite enters the liver -
1) The parasite -sporozoite initially multiplies within the liver cells
2) then , attacks the RBCs , resulting in their rupture
46
The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of ____ .
Toxic substance - haemozoin
47
Haemozoin is responsible for ____ and ____ recurring every ____ days .
Chills
High Fever
3-4 days
48
When a female anopheles mosquito bites an infected person , ____happens .
The parasite (GAMETOCYTE) enters the mosquitos body and undergoes further development .
49
The parasites that enter the mosquito from an infected person multiply within them to form ____ that are stored in their ____ .
SPOROZOITES
| SALIVARY GLANDS
50
Malarial parasite req ____ hosts .
2 - human and mosquito 🦟
51
The females anopheles mosquito is the ____ too .
Vector (transmitting agent )
52
The parasite reproduces _____ in the liver cells and _____ in the RBCs .
Asexually
| Asexuallly
53
Sexual stages of plasmodium is called ____ and it develops in the ____ .
Gametocytes
| RBCS
54
Fertilisation and development takes place in the _____
Mosquito’s gut
55
______is a ____ parasite which causes amoebiasis .
Entamoeba histolytica
| Protozoan
56
Entamoeba histolytica is found in the _____ of humans .
Large intestine
57
Amoebiasis is also called ______ .
Amoebic dysentery
58
Symptoms. Of amoebic dysentery -
Costipation
Abdominal pain
Cramps
Stools with excessive mucus and blood clots
59
_____acts as a mechanical carrier and serve to transmit the Amoebiasis parasite from faeces of infected person to food .
Housefly
60
___and. ____are the main source of infection of amoebiasis .
Drinking water
| Food contaminated by faecal matter
61
_____is the common round worm and _____ is the filarial worm .
Ascaris
| Wuchereria
62
Name some helminthes that are known to be pathogenic to man -
Ascaris
| Wuchereria
63
Ascaris , an ____ parasite causes ascariasis .
Intestinal
64
Symptoms of ascariasis -
```
Internal bleeding
Muscular pain.
Fever
Anemia
Blockage of the intestinal passage
```
65
The ____ of the parasite (ascaris) are excreted along with the _____ , which contaminate soil , water , plants , etc .
Eggs
| Faeces of the infected persons
66
How does a healthy person acquire the infection of ascaris -
through contaminated water , Veges , fruits
67
Types of wuchereria worms -
1) W . Bancrofti
| 2) W . Malayi
68
Wuchereria , the filarial worm cause a slowly developing _____ of the ___ .
Chronic inflammation
| Organs in which they live for many years
69
Wuchereria causes inflammation of usually , ____ of the _____ .
Lymphatic vessels
| Lower limb
70
The _____are also affected in elephantiasis resulting in _____ .
Genital organs gross deformities
71
The pathogens of elephantiasis are transmitted to a healthy person through a bite by ____ .
Female mosquito vectors
72
Many fungi belonging to the genera ______, _____and. _____ are responsible for causing ringworm .
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
73
Ringworm is a __disease .
Fungal
74
Most common infectious disease in man -
Ringworm
75
The main symptoms of ringworm -
Appearance of. Dry , scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin , nails and scalp
76
In ringworm , the dry scaly LESIONS are accompanied by ____ .
Intense itching
77
____ and ___help the fungi to grow , which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the ___ or ____ .
Heat
Moisture
Groin
Btw toes
78
Ringworms are generally acquired from _____ .
Soil or by using towels ,clothes or even the comb of infected indivisuals .
79
Hygiene measures are essential where the infectious agents are transmitted through food and water such as ____,____and ____ .
Typhoid
Amoebiasis
Ascariasis
80
In case of air-borne diseases such as ____and ____ . In addition to proper hygiene , close contact with infected persons is to be avoided .
Pneumonia
| Common cold
81
How to eliminate vectors and their breeding places /
Avoid stagnation of water , regular cleaning of coolers , use of mosquito nets , intro of fishes like GAMBUSIA in ponds that feed on mosquito larvae , spraying of insecticides in ditches , drainage areas
82
Vector borne diasease - by aedes mosquito in India are- (2)
Dengue
| Chikunguniya
83
The use of vaccines and immunization programmers have enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like _____ .
Small pox
84
______ is at the verge of making available newer and safer vaccines .
Biotechnology
85
Pneumonia can be controlled by vaccines . T/F
T
86
Name some infectious disease -
Polio
Diphtheria
Pneumonia
Tetanus
87
Innate immunity is ____type of defence , that is present at the time of birth .
Non-specific
88
How is innate immunity accomplished -
By providing diff types of BARRIERs to the entry of the foreign agents into our body .
89
Innate immunity consists of __ types of barriers . Name -
```
4
Physical
Physiological
Celllular
Cytokine
```
90
_____ is the main barrier that prevents entry of microorganisms .
Skin
91
Mucus coating of _____ , _____ and ___ also help in trapping microbes entering our body .
Epithelium lining the-
respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Urogenital tract
92
Mucus coating the epithelium lining the respiratory , gastrointestinal and urogenital tract is a type of _____barrier .
Physical
93
Name some physiological barriers -
Acid in stomach
Saliva in mouth
Tears from eyes
94
Certain types of WBCs (leukocytes) of our body like _____ and ______ and _____ in the blood as well as _____ in tissues can phagocytose `and destroy microbes.
polymorpho - nuclear leukocytes (PMNL- neutrophils )
Monocytes
Natural killer type of lymphocytes
Macrophages
95
Virus-infected cells secrete _____called _____ that protect non-infected cells from further viral infection .
Proteins
| Interferons
96
Interferons come under __barrier .
Cytokine
97
Name some cellular barriers -
WBCs / leukocytes - like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes(PMNL-NEUTROPHILS)
MONOCYTES
Natural killer type of LYMPHOCYTES in blood
Macrophages -in issues
98
_______immunity is pathogen specific .
Acquired
99
______immunity is characterised by memory .
Acquired
100
When our body encounters a pathogen for the 1st time produces a response called ____ which is of _____intensity .
Primary response
| Low
101
Subsequent encounters with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified __or ____ response .
Secondary
| Anamnestic
102
___is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the 1st encounter .
Sec / anamnestic response
103
The _____and _____ immune responses are carried out with the help of 2 lymphocytes .
Prim immune response
| Sec immune response
104
What are the 2 special lymphocytes -
B-lymphocytes
| T-lymphocytes
105
The _____produce an army of proteins in response to pathogens into our blood to fight with them .
B-lymphocytes
106
The proteins produced by B-lymphocytes are called ____ .
Antibodies
107
The _____themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B-cells to produce them .
T-cells
108
Each antibody molecule has _____ , ___ and _____ .
4 peptide chains
2 light chains
2 heavy chains
109
An antibody is represented by ____ .
H2L2
110
Each antibody has ___ peptide chains , __ small light chains , and _____ LONGER heavy chains .
4
2
2
111
Diff types of antibodies produced in our body are -
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgG
112
Becoz antibodies are found in the ____ , the response is also called as _______.
Blood
| Humoral immune response
113
Acquired immune response may be ____ mediated or ____mediated .
Antibody
| Cell
114
The _____ mediate CMI .
T-lymphocytes
| CMI - cell mediated immunity
115
What are the essential steps before never taking any graft / transplant ?
Tissue matching
| Blood grp matching
116
The person has to take _____all her/his life after undertaking any graft even after tissue , blood grp matching .
Immunosuppressants
117
The body is able to differentiate self and non-self and ____ is responsible for that .
Cell mediated immunity -res for graft rejection
118
When a host is exposed to _____ ,which may be in the form of ____or _____or _____ , antibodies are produced in the host body .
Antigens
Living microbes
Dead microbes
Other proteins
119
When a host is exposed to antigens(in the form of living or dead microbes or proteins) , antibodies are produces in its body . This immunity is called -
Active immunity
120
_______immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response .
Active
121
How can active immunity be induced ?
1) By injecting the microbes deliberately during immunization
2) infectious organisms gaining access into body during natural infection induce active immunity .
122
When READY-MADE antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents , it is called ______ .
Passive immunity
123
The yellowish FLIUD colostrum secreted during ______ has abundant ____to protect the infant .
Initial days of lactation
| Antibody IgA
124
The milk colostrum is a form of _____ immunity .
Passive
125
The foetus also receives some antibodies from their mother through ______ during pregnancy .
Placenta
126
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of _____ .
MEMORY of the immune system
127
In vaccination , a preparation of ______or _____ are introduced in the body .
Antigenic proteins of pathogens
| Inactivated / weakened pathogen ( vaccine )
128
The antibodies produced in response to antigens (introduced during vaccination ) in the body would ______ the pathogenic agents during ACTUAL INFECTION .
Neutralise
129
The vaccines also generate _____ that recognise the pathogen quickly on subsequent exposure and overwhelm the invaders with massive production of antibodies .
Memory -B and T cells
130
If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which quick immune response is req as in tetanus , we need to directly inject the _____ or _____ .
Preformed antibodies
| Antitoxin
131
Even in case of snakebites , the injection which is given , contains _____ .
Preformed antibodies against snake venom .
132
In case of tetanus - _____ is injected .
Preformed antibodies / antitoxin
133
The immunization in case of tetanus or snake bites is called _____ .
Passive immunization ( preformed antibodies )
134
Recombinant DNA tech has allowed the production of ____ of pathogen in _____or ____ .
Antigenic polypeptides
Bacteria
Yeast
135
Vaccines produced using recombinant DNA tech allow _____ and hence _____ .
Large scale production
| Greater availability for immunization
136
______vaccine is produced from yeast .
Hepatitis -B
137
______has allowed the production of antigenic polypeptides of pathogen in bacteria or yeast .
recombinant DNA tech
138
The _____response of _____ to certain ____ present in the environment is called allergy .
Exaggerated
Immune system
Antigens
139
The antibodies produced duet o allergens are of __type .
IgE
140
Common example of allergens are -
Mites in dust
Pollens
Animal dander
141
Symptoms fo allergic reactions include -
Sneezing
Watery eyes
Running nose
Difficulty in breathing
142
Allergy is due to release of chemicals like _____and ____ from _____ .
Histamine
Serotonin
Mast cells
143
What is done for determining the cause of allergy ?
The patient is exposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens and the reactions studied .
144
The use of drugs like _____, _____ and ____ quickly reduce the symptoms of allergy .
Anti-histamine
Adrenaline
Steroids
145
Modern day lifestyle has resulted in lowering of immunity , therefore in metro cities , children suffer from ___and ____ due to senstivity to the environment .
Asthma
| Allergies
146
Memory-based acquired immunity evolved in ____ based on the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from ____
Higher vertebrates
| Self cells
147
Higher organisms can distinguish ____ as well as _____ .
Foreign organisms
| Foreign molecules
148
Sometimes , due to _____ and ___Reasons , body attacks self cells .
Genetic
| Other unknown
149
Example of autoimmune disease .
rheumatoid arthritis .
150
The immune system consists of ____, ____, _____ and ____ .
Lymphoid organs
Tissues
Cells
Soluble molecules ( like antibodies )
151
Lymphoid organs are the organs where ___and ____ and ____ of LYMPHOCYTES occur .
Origin
Maturation
Proliferation
152
The primary lymphoid organs are -
Bone marrow
| Thymus
153
In ___lymphoid organs , immature lymphocytes differentiate into _____ lymphocytes .
Primary - bone marrow/ thymus
| Antigen-sensitive
154
After maturation , the lymphocytes migrate to ____ .
Secondary lymphoid organs
155
Name all the sec lymphoid organs -
```
5
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Peyer’s patch - of SMALL INTESTINE
Appendix
```
156
The sec lymphoid organs provide the site for ____ , which then PROLIFERATE to become _____ .
Interaction of lymphocytes with the antigen
| Effector cells
157
_____ is the main lymphoid organ .
Bone marrow
158
Bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all the ______are produced
All the BLOOD CELLS including lymphocytes
159
The thymus is a ____organ located near the ____ and beneath the ____ .
Heart
| Breastbone
160
The thymus is very large at the time of ____ but keep reducing in size with age and by the time of ______ it reduces to a very small size .
Birth
| Puberty
161
Both _____and ___provide MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes .
Bone marrow
| Thymus
162
The spleen is a large ____shaped organ .
Bean
163
Spleen contains _____and _____ .
Lymphocytes
| Phagocytes
164
Spleen acts as the _____of blood by trapping _____ .
Filter
| Blood-borne microorganisms
165
Spleen also acts as a large reservoir of ____ .
Erythrocytes
166
The ____ are small solid structures located at different points along the lymphatic system .
Lymph nodes
167
_____serve to trap the micro-organisms or other antigens which happen to get into the lymph and tissue fluid .
Lymph nodes
168
___trapped in the lymph nodes are responsible for the activation of ____ present there and cause the immune response .
Antigens
| Lymphocytes
169
There is lymphoid tissue located within the lining of the major tracts called ______ .
MALT - mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue
170
MALT constitutes _____% of the lymphoid tissue in human body .
50%
171
MALT is located WITHIN THE LINING OF THE MAJOR TRACTS - which tracts ?
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Urogenital tract
172
Both bone marrow and thymus provide___for the production and maturation of ____ .
Micro-environments
| T-lymphocytes
173
AIDS is a congenital / non-congenital disease ?
Non-congenital (not from birth )
174
_____means a grp of symptoms .
SYNDROME.
175
AIDS was 1st reported in _____ .
1981
176
In the last 25. Yrs or so , aids has spread. All over the world and killed more than ____people.
25 million
177
AIDS is caused by HIV ,a meme Er of a grp of viruses called ____ .
Retroviruses
178
RETROVIRUSES have / do not have an envelope .
Have
179
Retroviruses have an envelope enclosing the ____.
RNA gnome
180
Transmission of HIV infection occurs by -
1) sexual contact with infected person
2) by transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
3) by sharing infected needles as in case of intravenous drug abusers
4) from infected mother to her child through the placenta
181
People at higher risk of getting HIV infection are -
1) have multiple sexual partners
2) require repeated blood transfusions
3) intravenous drug abusers
4) children born to an HIV mother
182
The time lag btw infection and appearance of aids symptoms are -
5-10 yrs
183
Getting into the body of the person , the virus enters into ______ .
Macrophages
184
What happens after the HIV virus enters into macrophages. ?
RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase .
185
The viral DNA produced in macrophages gets incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs infected cells to produce _____
Virus particles
186
The _____continue to produce virus particles and acts like a _____ .
Macrophages
| HIV factory
187
HIV enters into ___ ( simultaneously , when more viruses are being produced ) , replicates and produces progeny viruses.
Helper T lymphocytes
188
There is a progressive dec in the ______ in the body of infected person .
Number of helper T-lymphocytes
189
During this period of the spread of infection in the body of infected person , the person suffers from ___ ,___and ______ .
Bouts of fever
Diarrhoea
Weight loss
190
Due to the dec in the number of T-lymphocytes , the person starts suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those due to ____ , _____ ,_____and even _____ .
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
191
HIV infected suffers from infections , such as those due to bacteria , especially ____ , viruses , fungi. And even parasites like ______ .
Mycobacterium
| Toxoplasma
192
Wdwly used diagnostic test for AIDs -
ELISA
193
ELISA is confirmed using _____ .
Western blotting
194
Treatment of AIDS with _____ is only partially effective .
Anti-retro viral drugs
195
In our country, ___and other ___are doing a lot to educate people about AIDS .
NACO - National aids contl organisation
| NGOs
196
_____is the most dreaded disease of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe .
Cancer
197
More than ____ INDIANS suffer from cancer .
A million
198
In cancer cells , there is a breakdown of which regulatory mechanisms ?
1) cell growth
| 2) cell differentiation
199
Normal cells show a property of ______ by virtue of which -
Contact inhibition
| Contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth .
200
Cancer cells appear to have lost the property of ____.
Contact inhibition
201
As a result of the loss of the property of contact inhibition , cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of cells called -
Tumours
202
Tumors are of 2 types -
1) benign
| 2) malignant
203
_____ normally remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body .
Benign tumours
204
Malignant tumors are a mass of proliferating cells called _____ cells .
Neoplastic or tumor cells
205
___grow very rapidly , invading and damaging the surrounding normal tissues .
Malignant tumors cells / neoplastic cells
206
As neoplastic cells grow , and divide , they also starved he normal cells by ___ .
Competing for vital nutrients
207
Cells sloughed off from such tumors reach distant sites through _____ and wherever they get lodged , they start new tumors there .
Blood
208
______is the most feared property of malignant tumors .
Metastasis - spread through sloughed off cells
209
Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic cells may be induced by __,___ or ___agents .
Physical
Chemical
Biological
210
Ionizing radiations like ____ cause DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformations .
X-rays
| Gamma rays
211
Non-ionizing radiation carcinogens are -
UV rays
212
The _____carcinogen present in tobacco smoke have been identified as a major cause of _____ .
Chemical
| Lung cancer
213
Cancer causing viruses called ____ have genes called _____
Oncogenic viruses
| Viral oncogenes
214
Several genes called _____or _____ have been identified in normal cells which hen activated under certain conditions. , could lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells .
```
Cellular oncogenes ( c-onc )
Proto-oncogenes
```
215
Early detection of cancer is essential as it allows the ______ .
Disease to be treated successful
216
Cancer detection is based on _____and ______ of the tissue and blood .
Biopsy
| Histopathological studies
217
Cancer detection is based on _____ for increased cell counts in the case of _____ .
Bone marrow tests
| Leukemias
218
In ___, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope (________) by a pathologist .
Biopsy
| Histopathological studies
219
Techniques like ______, _____and _____are very useful to detect cancers of the internal organs .
Radiography ( X-rays)
CT( computed tomography )
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging )
220
_____uses X-rays to generate a 3 -D image of the internals of an object .
CT
221
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and _____ to accurately detect PATHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL changes in the living tissue .
Non-ionizing radiations ( UV)
222
____against cancer -specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers .
Antibodies
223
Techniques of ____can be applied to detect genes in indivisuals with _____ in certain cancers .
Molecular biology
| Inherited susceptibility
224
Identification of such genes , which _____ , may be very useful in prevention of certain cancers . How is it helpful ?
Predispose an indivisual to certain cancers
| Such indivisuals may be advised to avoid exposure to particular carcinogens
225
The common approaches for the treatment of cancer are -
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Immunotherapy
226
In ____, tumor cells are irradiated lethally , taking proper care fo the normal tissues surrounding the tumor mass .
Radiotherapy
227
Several ___drugs are used to kill cancerous cells .
Chemotherapeutic drugs
228
Some chemotherapeutic drugs are ____ for particular tumors .
Specific
229
Majority of chemotherapeutic drugs have side effects like -
Hair loss
| Anemia
230
Most cancers are treated by combination of ___,____and ____ .
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
231
Cancer patients are given substances called BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS such as ____.
Alpha-interferons
232
Function of alpha-interferons -
Activates the immune system of cancer patients and helps in destroying the tumor .
233
Why are cancer patients given alpha-interferons ?
Tumor cells have been. Shown to avoid detection and destruction by immune system . Therefore , the patients are given biological response modifiers such as alpha-interferons .
234
Majority of the drugs abused are obtained from -
Flowering plants
235
Opioids are drugs ,which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our ____ and ____. .
CNS
| Gastrointestinal tract
236
Heroin , commonly called ____ is chemically _____ which is a white , odorless , bitter crystalline compound .
Smack
| Diacetylmorphine
237
Heroin is a ___,____,______ compound .
White
Odourless
Bitter crystalline
238
Heroin is obtained by _____ , which is extracted from the ____ .
Acetylation of morphine
| Latex of poppy plant
239
Morphine is extracted from ______ .
Latex of poppy plant , PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM
240
Heroin is generally taken by _____and _____ .
Snorting
| Injection
241
Heroin is a _____and _____body functions .
Depressant
| Slows down
242
______ are a grp of chemicals which interact with their receptors present principally in the brain .
Cannabinoids
243
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from _____.
Inflorescence of the plant CANNABIS SATIVA
244
The ___,___and ____ of cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana , hashish , charas and ganja .
Flower tops
Leaves
Resin
245
Examples of cannabinoids -
Marijuana
Hashish
Charas
Ganja
246
Cannabinoids are generally taken by ____and ____ .
Inhalation
| Oral ingestion
247
Cannabinoids are known for their effect on _____ of the body .
Cardiovascular system
248
______ is obtained from coca plant - erythroxylum coca native to ____.
Coca alkaloid / cocaine
| South America
249
Cocaine interferes with the transport of the ______ .
Neuro-transmitter = dopamine
250
Cocaine is common called ______ .
Coke
| Crack
251
How is cocaine taken ?
Usually snorted
252
Cocaine has a potent _____ action on _____ , producing a ____ and _____ .
Stimulation action on CNS
Sense of euphoria
Increased energy
253
Excessive dosage of cocaine causes ____.
Hallucination
254
Other well-known plants with hallucinogenic properties are ______and _____ .
Atrophy belladonna
| Datura
255
These days ______are also abused by some sportspersons
Cannabinoids
256
Drugs like ____ ,______, ____ and other similara drugs ,that are normally used as medicines to help patients cope with mental illnesses like DEPRESSION and INSOMNIA .
Barbiturates
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
257
Morphine is a very effective____and ___ and is very useful in patients undergone surgery .
Sedative
| Painkiller
258
_______also paves way to hard drugs .
Smoking
259
Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than ____yrs .
400 yrs
260
Tobacco contains a large number of chemical substances including NICOTINE , an ____ .
Alkaloid
261
Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release _____ and ____ , into blood circulation , both of which ___and ____ .
Adrenaline
Nor-adrenaline
Raise blood pressure
Increase heart rate
262
Smoking is associated with increased incidences of CANCER of _____, ____ and ___ .
Lung
Urinary bladder
Throat
263
Tobacco chewing is associated with increased risk of _____ .
Cancer of the oral cavity
264
Smoking increases ____ content in blood and reduces the conc of ____ .
```
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Haemobound oxygen
```
265
______causes O2 deficiency in the body .
Smoking
266
Adolescence means Both a ____and ____ during which a child becomes mature .
Period
| Process
267
The period between ______ yrs of age linking childhood and adulthood is called adolescence .
12-18 yrs
268
Addition is a ____ attachment to certain effects - such as ___ and _____ - associated with drugs and alcohol .
Psychological
Euphoria
Temporary feeling of well-being
269
With repeated use of drugs , the _____ in our body increases .
Tolerance level of the receptors
270
____is the tendency of the body to manifest a characteristic and unpleasant withdrawal syndrome .
Dependence
271
___occurs if regular dose fo drugs /alcohol is abruptly discontinued .
Withdrawal syndrome
272
Withdrawal syndrome is characterised by __,___,___and ___ , which may be relieved when use is resumed again .
Anxiety
Shakiness
Nausea
Sweating
273
The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of __,___and___ .
Reckless behaviour
Vandalism
Violence
274
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to ____ , ___ or ___ .
Respiratory failure
Heart failure
Cerebral hemorrhage
275
Those who take drugs intravenously are more likely to acquire serious infections like ___ and ____ .
AIDS
| Hepatitis -B
276
Measures to prevent and control drugs -
```
Avoid undue peer pressure
Education and councelling
Seeking help from parents and peers
Looking for danger signs
Seeking professional and medical help
```
277
The chronic use of drugs and alcohol damage ___ and ___ .
Nervous system
| Liver - cirrhosis
278
Sportspersons misuse _____, _____ , _____ and certain ____ in sports to increase muscle strength and bulk and to promote AGGRESSIVENESS and as a result increase performance .
Narcotic analgesics
Anabolic steroids
Diuretics
Hormones
279
The side-effects of use of ANABOLIC STEROIDS in females are -
```
Masculinization
Inc aggressiveness
Mood swings
Depression
Abnormal menstrual cycles
Excessive hair growth on the face and body
Enlargement of liter is
Deepening of voice
```
280
Side-effects of steroids in males -
```
Acne
Increased aggressiveness
Mood swings
Depression
Reduction in size of testicles
Decreased sperm production
Potential for kidney and liver dysfunction
Breast enlargement
Premature baldness
Enlargement of the prostrate gland
```
281
In the adolescent male and female , (due to drugs )_____ and _____ of long bones may result in stunted growth .
Serve facial and body acne
| Premature closure of the growth centres
