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Human Health > Microbes In Human Welfare > Flashcards

Microbes In Human Welfare Flashcards

1
Q

___ are present every where , even where no other life forms could possibly exist , such as thermal vents ( geysers ) , deep in the soil , under the layers of snow several meters thick and in highly acidic environments .

A

Microbes

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2
Q

What all comes under microbes ?

A 
Protozoa 
Bacteria 
Fungi 
Microscopic animals 
Plant viruses
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3
Q

Microbes like ___and ____ can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies .

A

Bacteria

Fungi

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4
Q

Adenovirus causes _____ .

A

Respiratory infections

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5
Q

Microorganisms such as ___and others ,commonly called ____ grow in milk and convert it into curd .

A

Lactobacillus

LAB - lactic acid bacteria

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6
Q

During growth , the LAB produce ____ that __and ____ the MILK PROTEINS.

A

Acids
Coagulate
Partially digest

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7
Q

A small amt of curd added to the milk as ___ contains millions of LAB , which at ______ multiply , thus converting milk to curd .

A

Inoculum /starter

Suitable temperature

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8
Q

Curd is more nutritious becoz of the presence of -

A

Vit B12

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9
Q

In our stomach , LAB plays a beneficial role in _____ .

A

Checking disease -causing microbes

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10
Q

The dough which is used to make dosa and idli is also fermented by ____ .

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

The puffed up appearance of dough ( of idli and dosa fermented using bacteria )is due to the production of -

A

CO2 gas

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12
Q

The dough which is used to make bread is fermented using ____ .

A 
Fungi 
Sacchromyces cerevcae ( baker’s yeast )
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13
Q

Toddy , a traditional drink of some parts of SOUTHERN INDIA is made by ____ .

A

Fermenting sap from plants

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14
Q

Microbes are also used to ferment ____ , ____ and ____ to make foods .

A

Fish
Soyabean
Bamboo -shoots

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15
Q

_____is the oldest food item in which microbes were used .

A

Cheese

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16
Q

Diff varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic _,___ and ___ . The specificity comes from ____ .

A

Texture
Flavor
Taste
Microbe used

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17
Q

Large holes in Swiss cheese are due to production of a large amt of ___ by ____ .

A

CO2

Bacterium - propionibacterium sharmanii

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18
Q

The ____ cheese are ripened by growing a specific FUNGI on them , which gives them a particular flavor .

A

Roquefort

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19
Q

Production on industrial scale , req growing microbes in very large vessels called -

A

Fermentors

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20
Q

for making beverages ( wine ,beer ) _____ is used .

A

Sachcromyces cerevicae ( brewer’s yeast )

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21
Q

Brewer’s yeast is used for fermenting ___ and ___ to produce ____ .

A

Malted cereals
Fruit juices
Ethanol

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22
Q

Depending on the type of ____ and the type of ____ , diff types of alcoholic drinks are obtained .

A

Raw material used for fermentation

Processing ( with or without distillation )

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23
Q

____and ___ are produced without distillation .

A

Wine

Beer

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24
Q

Drinks produced by distillation of fermented broth -

A

Whisky
Brandy
rum

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25
Q

Antibiotics mean ____in the context of ____ .

A

Against life

Disease causing organisms

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26
Q

Alexander flemming while. Working on ___, once observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which _____could not grow .

A

Staphylococci bacteria

Staphylococci

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27
Q

The full potential of penicilluim notatum mould as an efffctive antibiotic was established much later ,by ____ and _____

A

Ernest chain

Howard florey

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28
Q

Penicillin was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in ____ .

A

World war 2

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29
Q

who all were awarded the Nobel prize in 1945 for the discovery of penicillin -

A

Fleming
Florey
Chain

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30
Q

Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases such as -

A

Plague
Whooping cough ( kali khansi )
Diphtheria ( gal ghotu )
Leprosy ( Kushan rog )

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31
Q

Aspergillus niger is a ___ and producer of __ .

A

Fungus

Citric acid

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32
Q

Producer of acetic acid is a ____ .

A

Bacterium

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33
Q

_____is used for the COMMERCIAL production of ethanol .

A

Yeast ( sachhromyces cervicae )

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34
Q

___ are used in DETERGENT FORMULATIONS and are helpful in ____ .

A

Lipases

Oily stains from laundry

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35
Q

Bottled fruit juices are clarified using ___ and ___ .

A

Pectinases

Proteases

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36
Q

Streptokinase is produced by___ and MODIFIED by ____ .

A

Bacterium streptococcus

Genetic engineering

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37
Q

____ is used as a clot buster for removing clots from the blood vesssels of patients who have undergone ______ leading to ___ .

A

Streptokinase
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack

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38
Q

Cyclosporine A , immunosuppressive in organ-transplant patients is produced by ___ , _____ .

A

Fungus

Trichoderma polysporum

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39
Q

__ produced by ___ have been commercialized as blood-cholesterol lowering agents .

A

Statins

Yeast - monascus purpureus

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40
Q

STATIN acts by ____ the enzyme responsible for synthesis of ____ .

A

COMPETITIVELY INHIBITING

CHOLESTEROL

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41
Q

Sewage contains a large amt of _____and ______ .

A

Organic matter

Microbes.

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42
Q

Before disposal , sewage is treated in ____ .

A

Sewage treatment plants ( STPs)

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43
Q

Treatment of waste water is done by the ___ microbes naturally present in the sewage . This treatment is done in how many stages .

A

Heterotrophic
2
Prim , sec

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44
Q

__ treatment involves PHYSICAL REMOVAL of particles - large and small - from the sewage through ____ and ____ .

A

Primary
Filtration
Sedimentation

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45
Q

In physical treatment , large and small are removed in which stages ?

A

1) initially , FLOATING DEBRIS

2) GRIT ( soil and small pebbles )

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46
Q

Floating debris is removed by ____ and grit is removed by ____ .

A

Sequential filtration

Sedimentation

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47
Q

All the solids that settle in the prim treatment form the ___ and the SUPERNATANT forms the _____ .

A

Prim SLUDGE

Effluent

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48
Q

The __from the prim settling tank is taken for sec treatment .

A

Effluent

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49
Q

The prim effluent is passed into _____ , where it is ____ and ____ is pumped into it .

A

Large aeration tanks
Constantly agitated MECHANICALLY
Air

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50
Q

Sec treatment is also called -

A

Biological treatment

51
Q

Constant agitation and pumping of air allows vigorous growth of ______ into ___ .

A

Aerobic microbes

Flocs

52
Q

Flocs are masses of ___ associated with ___ to form a mesh like structure .

A

Bacteria

Fungal filaments

53
Q

While growing , flocs consume ______ in the ____ .

A

Major part of ORGANIC MATTER

in the EFFLUENT

54
Q

__reduce the BOD of the effluent .

A

Growing flocs

55
Q

BOD refers to the amt of oxygen that would be consumed if all the ___ in ___ water were oxidised by ___ .

A

Organic matter
1 L
Bacteria

56
Q

The BOD test measures the rate of __ by microorganism in a sample of water .

A

Uptake of O2

57
Q

BOD is a measure of __ present in water .

A

Organic matter

58
Q

The greater the BOD of water , the more is its ______ .

A

Polluting potential

59
Q

Once the BOD of sewage is reduced significantly , the effluent is passed into a ____ .

A

Settling tank

60
Q

What happens in the settling tank ?

A

Bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment

61
Q

The sedimented bacteria flocs in the SETTLING TANK is called ___ .

A

Activated sludge

62
Q

A small part of ____ is pumped back into the ___tank to serve as inoculum .

A

Activated sludge

Aeration tank

63
Q

Where is the major part of the activated sludge pumped ?

A

Large tanks - anaerobic sludge digesters

64
Q

Activated sludge is pumped where ?

A

Small part - aeration tank

Major part -anaerobic sludge digester

65
Q

Which type of bacteria grow in anaerobic sludge digester ?

A

Bacteria which Anaerobically digest bacteria and fungi in the sludge

66
Q

When bacteria digest other bacteria and fungi in anaerobic sludge digesters , which gases are produced ?

A

Methane CH4
H2S
CO2

67
Q

Which gases form hr biogas ?

A

Released from anaerobic sludge digester .
CH4
H2S
CO2

68
Q

Biogas is used as a source of energy becoz it is _____ .

A

Inflammable

69
Q

The effluent from ___ is generally released into natural water bodies like rivers and streams .

A

Secondary treatment plant

70
Q

Till date , no man-made tech has been able to rival the ____ of sewage .

A

Microbial action

71
Q

The ____ has initiated Ganga action plan and Yamuna action plan to save these major rivers of our country from pollution .

A

Ministry of environment and forests

72
Q

In relation to fermentation of dough , cheese making and production of beverages , the main gas produced was-

A

CO2

73
Q

Bacteria which grow ___ on ____ produce large amt of METHANE along with CO2 and H2O .

A

Anaerobically

Cellulose

74
Q

Bacteria which Anaerobically produce CH4 along CO2 and H2 are called -
Example -

A

Methanogens

Metanobacterium

75
Q

Methanogens are commonly found in the _____ during sewage treatment .

A

Anaerobic sludge

76
Q

In rumen of cattle , a lot of ____ is present which is broken down by _____ , which plays an imp role in the _____ of cattle .

A

Cellulose
Methanogens
Nutrition

77
Q

The _____of cattle is rich in methanogens .

A

Excreta / dung

78
Q

The biogas plant consists of a ___tank which is __ m deep .

A

Concrete

10-15 m

79
Q

In the biogas plant , ___is collected and a ___ is fed .

A

Bio-wastes

Slurry of dung

80
Q

In biogas plant , a ___is placed over the SLURRY .

A

Floating cover

81
Q

The floating cover keeps on rising when, _____ .

A

Gas is produced in the tank due to microbial activity

82
Q

The ______ is removed through an outlet from the biogas tank and may be used as fertilizer .

A

Spent slurry

83
Q

_____refers to the use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests .

A

Biocontrol

84
Q

What are the problems faced due to biocontrol ?

A

Insecticides an pesticides - toxic to humans and animals

Weedicides - soil pollution

85
Q

In agriculture , the method of controlling pests that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals is called

A

Biological control / organic farming

86
Q

A key belief of the organic farmer 👩‍🌾 is that -

A

BIODIVERSITY FURTHERS HEALTH

87
Q

The more ____ , a landscape has , the more sustainable it is .

A

Variety

88
Q

The ___ , therefore works to create a system where the insect that are sometimes called pests are not eradicated but instead , are kept at manageable levels by a complex system of checks and balances within a living and vibrant ecosystem .

A

Organic farmer 👨‍🌾 ( in organic farming )

89
Q

Conventional farming practices often use methods to ___ .

A

Kill both useful and harmful life forms indiscriminately

90
Q

The organic farmer holds the view that the eradication of pests is not only ___ but also ___ . Why ?

A

Possible
Undesirable
Becoz without them , the beneficiary predator and parasitic insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not survive .

91
Q

The use of BIOCONTROL measures will greatly reduce our _____ .

A

Dependence on toxic chemicals and pesticides

92
Q

An important part of BIOLOGICAL /organic farming is to ___ .

A

Become familiar with the various life forms that inhabit the field , predators as well as pests and also their LIFE CYCLES , PATTERNS OF FEEDING and the HABITAT THAT THEY PREFER .

93
Q

The ____is used to get rid of APHIDS in organic farming .

A

Ladybird - beetle with red and black markings

94
Q

__Are used to get rid of mosquitoes .

A

Dragonflies

95
Q

Microbial biocontrol agents that can be introduced to control _____ is the bacteria bacillus thuringenisis .

A

Butterfly caterpillars 🐛

96
Q

Bt is available in sachets as __ which are mixed with __ and sprayed onto vulnerable plants .

A

Dried spores

Water

97
Q

Bt is sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as __and ____ , where they are eaten by insect larvae .

A

Brassicas

Fruit trees

98
Q

In the gut of the larvae which has eaten Bt , ____ is released and the insect gets killled .

A

Toxin

99
Q

The __will kill the caterpillars and leave other insects unharmed .

A

Bacteria of Bt

100
Q

Becoz of the development of methods of _____ in the last decade , scientists have introduced Bt toxin genes in plants .

A

Genetic engineering

101
Q

What happens when Bt toxin genes are introduced into plants ?

A

They become resistant to attack by insects 🐞

102
Q

A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant disease is the _______ .

A

Fungus TRICHODERMA

103
Q

Trichoderma species are __fungi that are very common in _____ .

A

FREE-LIVING

Root ecosystem

104
Q

Trichoderma species are effective biocontrol agents of ____ .

A

Several plant pathogens

105
Q

_____ are pathogens that attract INSECTS and OTHER ARTHROPODS .

A

Baculoviruses

106
Q

The majority of baculoviruses used as BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS are in the GENUS ____ .

A

Nucleopolyhedrovirus

107
Q

Nucleopolyhedrovirus are excellent candidates for _____ specific , ____ spectrum ______ applications .

A

Species
Narrow
Insecticidal

108
Q

Nucleopolyhedrovirus Have been show to have no negative impacts on ______.

A 
Plants 
Mammals
Birds
Fish
Non-target insects
109
Q

_____ is especially desirable when beneficial insects are being conserved to aid in an overall IPM ( INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT )programme. .or when ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREA IS BEING TREATED .

A

No negative impact of nucleopolyhedrovirus on plants , animals , birds , fish and non -target insects .

110
Q

Nucleopolyhedrovirus is the name of a ____ . Baculoviruses is the name of ____ .

A

Genus

Pathogen

111
Q

Due to the problems associated with chemical fertilisers , there is a large pressure to switch to ____ - the use of ____ .

A

Organic farming

Biofertilisers

112
Q

Biofertilisers are organisms that __

A

Enrich the nutrient quality of soil

113
Q

The main sources of biofertilisers are -

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Cyanobacteria

114
Q

Models on the roots of leguminous plants are formed by the ____ association of rhizobium .

A

Symbiotic

115
Q

Bacteria which can fix N2 while free -living in the soil are -

A

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

116
Q

Many members of the GENUS_______ form mycorrhiza .

A

Glomus

117
Q

Glomus is the name of a. ____ .

A

Genus

118
Q

The fungal symbionts in mycorrhizal association does _____

A

Absorbs P from soil and passes it to the plant

119
Q

Plants having mycorrhizal associations show which other benefits ?

A

Resistance to ROOT BORNE PATHOGENS
tolerance to SALINITY and DROUGHT
overall increase in PLANT GROWTH

120
Q

Cyanobacteria are ____ microbes widely distributed in _____environments

A

Autotrophic

Terrestrial and aquatic environments both

121
Q

Examples of Cyanobacteria

A

Anabaena
Nostoc
Oscillator is

122
Q

In paddy fields , ____ serve as an important BIOFERTILISER .

A

Cyanobacteria

123
Q

BGA add ____ to soil and inc its fertility

A

Organic matter

Human Health (8 decks)

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