Strategies For Enhancement Infood Production Flashcards by Simrah Mahmood

Several new techniques like _____ and _______

Embryo transfer

Tissue culture technique

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_____is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock ..

Animal husbandry

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Animal husbandry deals with the care and breeding of livestock , like -

Buffaloes 
Cows
Pigs 
Horses
Cattle 
Sheep 
Camels 
Goat

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Animal husbandry , when extended includes ___,____and_____.

Poultry
Farming
Fisheries

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Fisheries include _____ , ___ ,____ etc of fishes .

Rearing
Catching
Selling

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Fisheries include catching ,selling and rearing of ___, ,____ and ____ .

Fish
Molluscs ( shell-fish)
Crustaceans ( prawns , crabs )

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It is estimated that more than ______ of the WORLD’S livestock population is in INDIA and CHINA .

70 %

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the contribution of INDIA and CHINA to the WORLD FARM produce is only ______ .

25%

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________IS VERY LOW IN India .

Productivity per unit ( 70 % livestock population , 25% contribution to world farm )

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In DAIRY FARM management , we deal with ____and _____ that _____and_____.

Processes
Systems
Increase yield
Improve quality of milk

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Milk yield is primarily dependent on the ______ of breeds in the farm .

Quality

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Selection of good breeds having ____(under the climatic conditions of the area ) , combined with ______ is very important .

High yielding potential

Resistance to diseases

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For the yield potential to be realised the cattle have to be well looked after . How ?

Have to be housed well
Should have adequate water
Maintained disease free

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The feeding of cattle should be carried out in a ___manner - with special emphasis on _____ and _____ of fodder .

Scientific
Quality
quantity

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The stringent cleanliness and hygiene are of paramount importance , while ______ , ____and _____ of its porducts .

Milking
Storage
Transport

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Poultry is a class of ____ used for food or for their eggs .

Domesticated fowls(birds )

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What animals does poultry include ?

Chicken
Ducks
turkey
Geese

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_____of animals is an important aspect of animal husbandry .

Breeding

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A breed is a grp if animals related by _____ and similar in _______ .

Descent

Most characteristics like -GENERAL APPEARANCE , FEATURES , SIZE, CONFIGURATION .

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Breeding in btw animals of SAME BREED -

Inbreeding

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Crosses btw diff breeds -

Outbreeding

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Inbreeding refers to mating of _____ indivisuals within the same breed for ____ generations .

More closely related

4-6 generations

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The breeding strategy for inbreeding is -

Superior males and superior females of same breed are IDENTIFIED and mated in PAIRS

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A superior female in the case of cattle ( in inbreeding ) is the ____ that ____ .

Cow /buffalo

Produces more milk per lactation

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A superior male ( in inbreeding ) is the _____ that _____ .

Bull | Gives rise to superior progeny

Inbreeding increases ______.

Homozygosity

Inbreeding is necessary if we want _____.

To evolve purelines

Inbreeding exposes _____that are eliminated by _____ .

Harmful recessive genes | Selection

Benefits of inbreeding -

Helps in accumulation of SUPERIOR genes and elimination of less desirable genes . Exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection .

The approach where there is ____ at each step , increases the productivity of inbred population .

Selection

Continued and close inbreeding results in -

Reduces fertility and productivity

How to restore fertility after inbreeding depression ?

Mating with unrelated superior indivisuals of the SAME BREED .

Outbreeding is the breeding of the _____ animals which may be btw indivisuals of ____ but having no common ancestors for _____ or btw ___ or _____ .

``` Unrelated Same breed 4-6 gen Diff breeds Diff species ```

Out-breeding is of __Types . Name -

3 Out-crossing Cross breeding Inter-specific hybridization

Out-breeding can occur btw indivisuals of same breed .T/F

Practice of mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6 generations .

Out-crossing

The best breeding method for animals that are BELOW AVERAGE IN PRODUCTIVITY in milk production or growth rate in beef cattle .

Out-crossing

A SINGLE ________ often helps overcome inbreeding depression .

Out-cross

___allows desirable qualities of 2 diff breeds to be combined .

Cross-breeding

In______ , superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed .

Cross-breeding

Hisardale is a result of which type of out-breeding .

Cross-breeding

Hisardale is a new BREED of ___developed in __by crossing ____and _____ .

Sheep Punjab Bikaneri ewes Marino rams

In ______ , male and female animals of 2 diff RELATED species are mated .

Inter specific hybridisation ( type of out-breeding )

Mule is a result of _____breeding .

Inter specific hybridization

Mule is a mating btw female ____and male _____.

Horse | Donkey

Controlled breeding exp are carried out using _____ .

Artificial insemination

In artificial insemination ,semen is injected into __of female by the ___.

Reproductive tract | Breeder

_____help to overcome several problems of normal mating .

Artificial insemination

To improve chances of successful production of hybrids , other means used are-

MOËT -multiple ovulation transfer tech

In MOËT , a cow is administered hormones with ____ to induce ____and ____ .

FSH-like activity Follicular maturation Super ovulation

Instead of 1 egg , which they normally yield per cycle , they produce _____ eggs .

6-8

In MOËT , the _____eggs at ___ cells stages are recovered ____ and transferred to ______ .

FERTILISED 8-32 NON-SURGICALLY Surrogate mother

The __mother is available for another round of UPEROVULATION .

Genetic

Moët tech is demonstrated for ____,___,____,____,____ etc .

``` Cattle Sheep Rabbits Buffaloes Mares ```

High _____breeds of females and high ____ bulls have been successful bred to inc herd size .

Milk-yielding | Quality (lean meat with less lipid )meat yielding

Bee-keeping is the maintenance of hives of honey -bees for the production of ___ .

Honey

Bee-keeping can be practised in any area where there are sufficient ____ .

Bee pastures of some wild shrubs , fruit orchards and cultivated crops

The most common species of honey bees which can be reared is -

Apis indica

Bee keeping is NOT _____ .

Labour intensive

What a the imp points for successful bee-keeping -

Knowledge of the nature and habitats of bees Selection of suitable locations for keeping the beeshives Catching and hiving of swarms Management of beehives during diff seasons Handling and collection of honey and beeswax

Bees are pollinators of several crop species such as -

Sunflower Brassica Apple Pear

Fishery is an industry devoted to __ ,___ or ____of ___ or ____.

``` Catching Processing Selling FISH , SHELLFISH 🦪 Other aquatic animals ```

Other aquatic animals included in fisheries are -

Prawns 🍤 Lobsters 🦞 Edible oyster 🦪 Crab 🦀

Freshwater fishes include -

Catla Rohu COMMON carp

Marine fishes include

Hillary Sardines Mackerel Pomfret

Common carp is a _____fish .

Freshwater

____and ____lead to blue revolution .

Aquaculture | Pisciculture

Green revolution was dependent to a large extent on _____ for development of high-yielding and disease resistant varieties in wheat rice and maize .

Plant breeding techniques

Green revolution involved _____and _____varieties of ____,____and_____ .

``` High-yielding Disease -resistant Wheat Rice Maize ```

Recorded evidence of conventional plant breeding dates back to ____yrs ago .

9,000 - 11,000

____plant breeding involves crossing or hybridization of ____ , followed by _____to produce plants with desirable traits of higher yield , nutrition and resistance to diseases .

Classical Pure lines Artificial selection

With advancements in genetics , molecular biology and tissue culture , plant breeding is now increasingly being carried out by using ____ .

Molecular genetic tools

Main trait that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants is -

Increased crop yield | Improved quality

Others traits to be incorporated in plant breeding -

Increased tolerance o environmental stresses Resistance to pathogens (viruses , fungi , bacteria ) Tolerance to insect pests

The main steps in breeding a new genetic variety of crop is -

Collection of variability Evaluation and selection of parents Cross hybridisation among selected parents Selection and testing of superior recombination Testing , release and commercialization of new cultivars

_____is the root of any breeding programme .

Genetic variability

In many crops , pre-existing genetic variability is available from _____ .

Wild relatives of the crop

_____ and _____ of all the ___ , ____ and ____ of the cultivated species ( followed by their evaluation ) is a pre-requisite for effective exploitation of NATURAL genes available in the population .

``` Collection Preservation Wild varieties species Relatives ```

The entire collection of ___having all the _____ in a given CROP is called GERMPLASM COLLECTION .

Plants/seeds | Diverse alleles for all GENES

The _____is evaluated to identify plants with desirable combinations of chars .

GERMPLASM

_____is a very time-consuming and tedious process in plant breeding . Why ?

Cross hybridisation among selected parents Becoz , pollen grains from desirable plant have to be collected and placed on the stigma and only one in a few 100 to a 1000 crosses shows desirable combinations .

The _____step is crucial to the success of the breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny .

Selection and testing of superior recombinants

selection process yields plants that are ______ to both of the parents .

Superior

Superior recombinants are ____ for several generations till they reach a state of ____ so that characters will ______ .

Self -pollinated uniformity ( homozygosity ) Chars will not segregate in the progeny .

Equation is done by growing these in the ____ and recording their performance under ideal _____ ,___ ad other _____ .

Research fields Fertilizer application Irrigation Crop management [ractices

The evaluation in research fields is followed by testing the material in ______ for at least _____seasons at ___locations in the country representing all the ____ , where the crop is usually grown .

Farmers field 3 growing seasons Several Agroclimatic zones

Plant breeding programmed are carried out in a __way in ______ and ____ .

Systematic Government institutions Commercial companies

Agriculture accounts for approx ___% of India’s GDP and employs nearly _____ % of population .

33% | 62%

The development of several high yielding varieties of _____and ____ is called Green revolution .

Wheat | Rice

Green rev took place in _____ as a result of ___.

Mid-1960s | Plant breeding tech

P 1542 is a variety of ______ .

Garden peas

Hi girl is a variety of ____and is resistant to diseases like _____ .

Wheat | Leaf and stipe rust, hill bunt

Pusa swarnim is also known as ______ , is a variety of ______ and is resistant to disease -_____ .

Karan rai Brassica White rust

2 varieties of cauliflower are _and ___ and are resistant to __diseases .

Pusa shubhra Pusa snowball K-1 Black rot and curl , blight black rot

Pusa ko always is a variety of ___and si resistant to disease -

Cowpea | Bacterial blight

Pusa sadabahar is a variety of ____ and is resistant to diseases -

Chilli Chilli mosaic virus TMV, leaf curl

During the period _____to _____ , WHEAT and RICE production increased tremendously .

1960 - 2000

During the period 1960 -2000, wheat production increased from ____to _____ .

11 million tones 75 million tonnes ( change of 64 million tonnes )

During 1960 -2000 , rice production inc from _____to ____ .

35 million tonnes 89.5 million tonnes (Change of 54.5 million tonnes )

Rice and wheat production inc due to development of -

Semi-dwarf varieties of wheat and rice

Noble laureate _____ , at ___centre in _____ developed SEMI-DWARF WHEAT .

Norman E. Borlaug International centre for wheat and maize improvement Mexico

In ______ year , high yielding and disease resistant wheat was introduced all over the wheat-growing belt in India .

1963

In 1963 , high yielding and disease resistant wheat varieties made were -

Sonalika | Kalyan sona

Semi dwarf varieties of rice were derived from ____and _____ .

IR-8 | Taichung native -1

IR-8 as developed at ______ in ____ .

International rice research institute (IRRI) | Philippines

Taichung native -1 was from _____ .

Taiwan

The derivatives of IR-8 and Taichung native 1 were introduced in _____ year .

1966

Later , better YIELDING semi -dwarf rice varieties ___And ___were developed in _____ .

Jaya Ratna India

______was originally grown in north India but had POOR SUGAR CONTENT and YIELD . ( sugarcane variety )

Saccharum barberi

____ canes grown in south India , ______ had thicker steps and higher sugar content but did not grow well in north India .

Saccharum officinarum

Barberi and officinarum were combines to get desirable qualities , ___,____,____and _____ .

High yield High sugar Thicker stems Ability to grow in north India

Hybrid ___ , ____ and _____ have been successfully developed in India . ( MILLET VARIETIES )

Maize Jowar Bajra

Hybrid millet varieties have led o the development of several high yielding varieties RESISTANT to ______ .

Water stresses

Crop losses can be upto ___% or sometimes total .

20-30 %

Plant breeding for disease resistance helps reduce the dependence on _____ and _____ .

Fungicides | Bactericides

Resistance of the host plant is the ability to prevent the pathogen from causing diseases and is determined by _____ of the ____ .

Genetic constitution | Host plant

Some diseases caused by fungi are ____ . Ex-

Rusts Brown rust of wheat Red rot of sugarcane Late blight of potato

Diseases in plants caused by bacteria -

Black rot of crucifers

Plant diseases caused by viruses -

Tobacco mosaic | Turnip mosaic

Methods of BREEDING of plants for disease resistance -

2 Conventional breeding Mutation breeding

The conventional method of breeding for disease resistance is that of -

Hybridisation | Selection

The various sequential steps in CONVENTIONAL BREEDING of plants for disease resistance are -

Screening GERMPLASM for resistance sources Hybridisation of selected parents Selection and evaluation of hybrids Testing and relies of new varieties ( steps are similar to those of breeding for any other agronomic character )

Red rot is sugarcane is a __disease .

Fungal

Late blight of potato is a _____disease .

Fungal

Breeding methods other than mutation and convention are -

Selection among soma clonal variants | Genetic engineering

Mutation is the process by which genetic variations are created through changes in the _____ within ____ .

Base sequence | Genes

Mutations can be induced artificially through the use of ____ or ____ , like _____ .

Chemicals Radiations Gamma radiation

Name a plant variety in which mutation breeding was employed .

Mung bean

In mung bean , resistance to ______and ___were induced by mutations .

Yellow mosaic virus | Powdery mildew

Several _____ of diff cultivated species of plants ve been show to have certain disease resistance but have VERY LOW YIELD .

Wild relatives

Resistance to YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS in bhindi was transferred from a ______ and resulted in a new variety called ______ .

Wild species of bhindi | Parbhani kranti

New improved variety of bhindi is _____ and old variety was _____ .

``` prabhani kranti ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) Abelmoschus esculentus ```

Transfer of resistance genes is achieved by _____ btw the target and the source plant followed by _____ .

Sexual hybridisation | Selection

Apart from diseases , another major cause for the destruction of crops is -

Insects and pests

Insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to ____, ___ or ____ characteristics .

Morphological Biochemical Physiological

_____in several plants are associated with resistance to insect pests .

Hairy leaves

Hairy leaves provide resistance to insect. Pests inn which crops -

Cotton | Wheat

Hairy leaves provide resistance to ______ in cotton .

Jassids

Hairy leaves provide resistance to ______ in WHEAT .

Cereal leaf beetle

In wheat , ___lead to non-preference by the STEM SAWFLY .

Solid stems

______and _____ cotton varieties do not attract BOLLWORMS .

Smooth leaved | Nectar less

______, _____ and _____ in maize leads to resistance to MAIZE STEM BORERS .

High ASPARTIC ACID content LOW NITROGEN LOW SUGAR content

Sources of resistance genes may be -

Cultivated varieties GERMPLASM collections Wild relatives

Which variety of BRASSICA is resistant to APHIDS ?

Pusa Gaurav

Brassica is also called -

Rapeseed mustard

Variety of flat beans -

Pusa sem 2 | Pusa sem 3

Pusa sem 2and 3 are resistant to which insect pests ?

Jassids Aphids Fruit borers

Variety of bhindi which is resistant towards INSECT PESTS -

Pusa sawani | Pusa A-4

Pusa sawani and Pusa A-4 (bhindi ) is resistant to -

Shoot and fruit borers

More than _____ people in the world do not have adequate food to meet their daily food and nutritional req .

840 million

___ people in the world suffer from micronutrient , protein and vitamin deficiency or HIDDEN HUNGER .

3 billion

Diets lacking essential ____ , particularly iron , vit A , iodine , zinc reduce lifespan and reduce mental abilities .

MICRONUTRIENTS

Biofortification is the breeding of crops with higher levels of ___, and ____ or ____ and _____ .

Vitamins Minerals Higher proteins Healthier fats

Breeding for improved nutritional quality is undertaken with which objectives in mind -

Protein content and quality Oil content and quality Vit content Micronutrient and mineral content

Content and quality of ____and ____ is improved in biofortification .

Protein Oil ( and only content of vit , micronutrients and minerals )

In 2000 , MAIZE hybrids had TWICE the amt of ____ , __ and ___ .

Amino acids Lysine Tryptophan

_____ variety called _____ had high protein content in 2000 .

Wheat | Atlas 66

Atlas 66 has been used as. ____for improving cultivated wheat .

Donor

It has been possible to develop _____ rice containing over ____times as much ____ as in commonly consumed varieties .

Iron-fortified 5 Fe

In ___, ____ had ____ the amt of amino acids , lysine , tryptophan .

2000 Maize hybrids Twice

The ____located in __ has also released several vegetable crops that are rich in vit and minerals .

Indian agricultural research institute (IARI ) | New Delhi

IARI has released vit A enriched _______ .

Carrots 🥕 Spinach Pumpkin 🎃

IARI has released vit C enriched -

Bitter gourd Bathua Mustard Tomato 🍅

IARI has released protein enriched -

Beans - broad , lablab , French | Garden peas

IARI has released iron and calcium. Enriched -

Spinach | Bathua

IARI has released ____ enriched spinach .

Vit A Iron Ca

IARI has released _____ enriched bathua .

Vit C Iron Ca

The shift from grain to meat diet also creates more demand for __ as it takes ___ kg of grain to produce ___ kg of meat by _____ .

Cereals 3-10kg 1kg Animal farming

More than __% of the human population is suffering from hunger and malnutrition .

25%

One of the alternate source of protein for ___and ____ is SCP ( single cell protein ) .

Animal | Human

__are being grown on industrial scale to produce protein .

Microbes

_____ can be grown easily on waste water from potato processing plants . Why ?

BGA - spirulina | Becoz potato processing plants contain STARCH

Spirulina can be grown on ____ , ____ ,___ and ___ to produce large quantities of _____ .

Waste water from potato processing plants Straw Molasses Animal manure Even SEWAGE Protein , mianerals , fats , carbohydrates , and vit

Incidentally , SCP also reduces _____ .

Environmental pollution

Certain bacterial species like _____ , becoz of ITS HIGH RATE OF BIOMASS PRODUCTION and GROWTH can be expected to produce _____

Methylophilus methylotrophus | 25 tonnes of protein

The fact that edible mushrooms are eaten and large scale mushroom culture is a growing industry makes it believe that _____ .

Microscopic fungi could become acceptable as food

When traditional breeding tech failed to keep pace with demand , ___ got developed .

Tissue culture

During ___ , scientists learned that whole plants could be regenerated from EXPLANTS .

1950 s

___ is any part of the plant taken out and grown in a test tube , under ____ conditions in ____ .

Explant Sterile Special nutrient media .

The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell / explant is called _____ .

Totipotency

The nutrient media to grow the explant must provide a __source an also ____,_____,______and ____ .

``` Carbon - such as SUCROSE Inorganic salts Vit Amino acids Growth regulators - AUXINS , CYTOKININS ```

The C -source such as ____is used to grow an explant .

Sucrose

Method of producing THOUSAND of plants through TISSUE CULTURE is called _____ .

Micropropagation

Each plant grown through micropropagation / tissue culture is _____ identical to original plant , therefore they are _____ .

Genetically | Soma clones

Many imp plants like _____ have been produced on commercial scale using micropropagation /tissue culture .

Apple 🍎 Banana 🍌 Tomato 🍅

Another imp application of tissue culture -

Recovery of healthy plant from diseased plant

One can remove the meristem and grow it ___ to obtain virus-free plants .

In-vitro

Scientists have succeeded in culturing meristems of ___ , ____ , ____ .

Banana 🍌 Sugarcane Potato 🥔

Scientists have even ___from plants and after ____ , have been able to isolate NAKED PROTOPLASTS .

Isolated single cells | Digesting their cell walls

Naked protoplast is surrounded by -

Plasma membrane

___ from 2 diff varieties of plants - each having a desirable character can be fused to get _______ , which can further be grown to form a new plant .

Isolated protoplast | Hybrid protoplast

Hybrid protoplasts formed from the fusion of isolated protoplasts are called - Process of their formation is called -

Somatic hybrids | Somatic hybridisation

Mammals from COLDER climates generally have _____ to minimize heat loss .

Shorter ears | Shorter limbs

What is Allen’s rule ?

Mammals from colder climates have shorter extremities

In ____areas , ___ have a thick layer of fat ( BLUBBER )below their skin that acts as an ____ and reduces _____ .

Polar areas Aquatic mammals like SEALS Insulator Loss of body heat

Some organisms possess adaptations that are ____ which allow them to respond quickly to a stressful situation .

Physiological

Rohtang pass is __m near Manali and Leh .

> 3,500 m

SYMPTOMS of altitude sickness -

Nausea Fatigue Heart palpitations

Reason for altitude sickness -

Becoz in low atm pressure of high altitude , the body does not get enough oxygen .

We stop experiencing altitude sickness when we get _____ .

Acclimatized

The body compensates low oxygen availability by -

Inc RBC production Dec binding affinity of Hb Inc breathing rate

Microbes that flourish in hot springs and deep sea hydrothermal vents where temp exceeds ___ .

Archaebacteria | 100 degree C

A large variety of ___ and __live at great depths in the ocean where press could be >100 times the normal atm press that we experience .

Marine invertebrates | Fish

Organisms living at great depths in the ocean ( where press > 100 atm ) show a fascinating array of _____ adaptations .

Biochemical

Desert lizards lack the _____ ability that mammals have to deal with high temp of their habitat , manage to keep their body temp fairly const .by _____ means .

Physiological | Behavorial

What do desert lizards do when their body temp drops below comfort zone or when the ambient temp start inc .

Bask in the sun and absorb heat | Move into shade

Some species of desert lizards are capable of _____ into the sol to hide and escape from the above-ground heat .

Burrowing

In nature , we rarely find __,____ of any species ; majority of them live in groups in a well defined ____ , share or _____ for _____ resources ,potentially ____ and thus constitute a ____ .

``` Isolated Single Geographical area Compete Similar Interbreed Population ```

A grp of indivisuals resulting from even ASEXUAL repro is also considered a ______ . Why ?

Population Only for the purpose of ecological studies Becoz members of a population interbreed ( sexual repro )

What does interbreeding mean ?

Sexual repro . Members of a population interbreed ( but asexual repro is also considered as a population sometimes )

All the cormorants in a wetland are examples of -

Population

It is at the __level that natural selection operates to evolve the desired trait .

Population

______is an imp area becoz it links ecology to population genetics and evolution .

Population ecology

Population is imp . Why ?

It links ECOLOGY to POPULATION GENETICS and EVOLUTION

A _____ has certain attributes , whereas ___ does not .

Population | An individual organism

A ____has death and birth RATES .

Population ( an individual has death and births )

Another attribute characteristic of a population is -

Sex ratio ( an indisual may be a male or female but population has sex ratio )

If ____is plotted for __ , the resulting structure is called an age pyramid .

Age distribution | Population

The ______ of population tells us a lot about its status in the habitat .

Size

Whatever ecological processes we wish to overcome in a population , we evaluate it in terms of -

Population size

The population size is very low ( <10) for -

Siberian cranes at bharatpur wetlands in any year

Population size is __for chlamydomonas .

Millions

Population size is technically called -

Population density

Population density /size can be measured in numbers only . T/F

F | But total number is the most appropriate measure

Give an example where % cover or biomass is a more meaningful measure of population size .

An area where there are many parthenocarpy plants and single huge banyan tree Also when the population is huge and counting is impossible

Example where RELATIVE DENSITY serves the purpose of calculating population density -

Number of fish caught PER TRAP - can estimate its total population density in the lake

The tiger census in our national parks and tiger reserves is often based on -

Pug marks | Fecal pellets

The ____ for any species is not a STATIC PARAMETER .

Population size

Population density fluctuates becoz of which main reasons ?

``` 4 Natality Mortality Immigration Emigration ```

Under normal conditions , _____ and ___ are the most imp factors influencing population density .

Deaths and births

If a new habitat is just being colonized ,_____ may contribute more significantly to population growth than ___ .

Immigration | Birth rates

Exponential growth is represented by the equation -

dN/dt =(b-d) * N B-d= r Therefore : dN/dt =rN

r in exponential growth is called the _____ and is a very imp parameter chosen for assessing impacts of any ____or__factor on population growth .

Intrinsic rate of natural inc Biotic Abiotic

For the NORWAY RAT , r = ____and for flour beetle , r= ____

0. 015 | 0. 12

In 1981, the r value for human population in India was -

0.0205

Integral form of exponential growth equation =

Nt =No e_rt

Value of e =

2.72

__showed that how even a slow growing animal like elephant could reach enormous numbers in the absence of checks .

Darwin

A given habitat has enough resources to support a max possible number called _____ , beyond which no further growth is possible .

Carrying capacity (K)

A population growing in a habitat with limited resources show initially a ___ phase ,followed by ___ and finally an ___ .

Lag Phases of acceleration and deceleration Asymptote

At the asymptote phase , the population density reaches the _____ .

Carrying capacity

Sigmoid curve is called _____growth .

Verhulst-pearl logistic growth

Equation fo logistic growth -

dN/dt=rN( K- N /K )

Some organisms breed only once in their lifetime -

Pacific salmon fish | Bamboo

_breed many times in their lifetime -

Mammals | Birds

__produce a large number of small size offsprings -

Oysters 🦪 | Pelagic fish 🐠

_breed many times during their lifetime .

Birds | Mammals

_produce a small number of large -sized offsprings .

Birds | Mammals

Population interactions are usually _____ .

Inter specific - btw 2 diff species population

In _____and ____ , only one species benefits .

Parasitism | Predation

____, ____and ____ share a common characteristic . ( interaction ) . Which ?

Predation Parasitism Commensalism INTERACTING SPECIES LIVE CLOSELY TOGETHER

__is the nature’s way of transferring to higher trophies levels , the energy fixed by plants .

Predation

A sparrow eating a seed is a ____ .

Predator | sec consumer

A sparrow eating a seed can be compared to a ____ .

Tiger eating deer

Although animals eating plants are categorized as herbivores , they are not very diff from -

Predators

Besides acting as conduits for energy transfer across trophies levels , predators play which other imp roles ?

Keep prey population under control

But for predators , prey species could achieve very high population densities and cause ____.

Ecosystem instability

The __introduced into AUSTRALIA in the early ___ caused havoc by spreading rapidly into millions of hectares of rangeland .

Prickly pear cactus | 1920s

The invasive prickly pear cactus was brought under control when a ___ from its natural habitat was introduced into ____ .

Cactus-feeding moth | Australia 🇦🇺

__methods adopted in agricultural pest control are based on the ability of the predator to regulate prey population .

Biological control

In the rocky INTERTIDAL communities of the ____ , the STARFISH PISASTER is an important ____ .

American pacific coast | Predator

Predator found in American pacific coast -

Starfish pisaster

In a field exp , when all the starfishes ( pisaster ) were removed from an enclosed inertial area , more than ___ SPECIES of ___ became EXTINCT within A YEAR .

10 species | Invertebrates

More than 10 species of invertebrates became extinct form the American pacific coat when starfish was removed . Why ?

Becoz of inter-specific competition among the invertebrate species

If a predator is too efficient , what might happen ?

It might overexploit its prey , then the prey might become extinct , then the predator will also become extinct for lack of food 🥘.

Predators in nature are _____ .

Prudent | Becoz if they overexploit the prey , it might become extinct and so the prey itself will become extinct

Some species of __and ___are cryptically coloured (CAMOUFLAGED )to avoid being detected easily by the predator.

Insects | Frogs

The _____is highly DISTASTFUL to its predator which is a _____ .

Monarch butterfly | Bird

Monarch butterfly is highly distasteful becoz of a _____ present in its body .the butterfly acquires it during _____ .

Special chemical | It’s caterpillar stages by feeding on a poisonous WEED

For plants , herbivores are ____ .

Predators

Nearly ____% of all insects are known to be PHYTOPHAGOUS .( feeding on plant sap and other parts of plant ).

25%

The problem of predation is particularly severe for plats becoz -

They can’t run away

Plants have evolved astonishing variety of ___and ___defenses against herbivores .

Morphological | Chemical

Thorns of ____and ___ are the most common ___ means of defense .

Acacia Cactus Morphological

Many planets produce and store chemicals that make the herbivore __ when they are eaten , inhibit ____or ___ , disrupt its ___ or even ____ .

``` Sick Feeding Digestion Reproduction Kill it ```

____produces highly poisonous CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES .

Weed calotropis

Which animals browse calotropis ?

No plant . Becoz it produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides

A wide variety of chemical substance like __ , __,___,___,___ etc are produced by them actually as defenses against grazers and browsers .

``` Nicotine Caffeine Quinine Strychnine Opium ```

Darwin was convinced that _______ is a potent force in ORGANIC EVOLUTION .

Interspecific competition

Competition is between -

2 closely related species 2 unrelated species Limited resources Unlimited resources

In some shallow SOUTH AMERICAN LAKES , ____and ____ compete for their common food , zooplankton .

Visiting FLAMINGOES Resident fishes ( totally unrelated species compete for the same resources )

______need not be limiting for competition to occur .

Rosurces

In _______ competition , the feeding efficiency of one species might be reduced due to the inhibitory effect of the other .

Interference

Which competition occurs even if resources are not limiting ( food and space are abundant )?

Interference / inhibitory competition | FEEDING EFFICIENCY OF ONE SPECIES IS INHIBITED BY THE INTERFERING EFFECT OF OTHER

Competition is defined as a process in which , _____ of one species is greatly reduced in the presence of another species,.

Fitness

Fitness of one species is measured in terms of -

r - intrinsic rate of natural inc .

Abingdon tortoise in ___ became extinct __ after goats were introduced on the island .

Galapagos island | A decade

An evidence of competition in nature comes from what is called ____ .

Competitive release

______experiments proved the idea of COMPETITIVE RELEASE .

Connel’s elegant field exp

What is competitive release -

A species whose DISTRIBUTION IS RESTRICTED to a SMALL GEOGRAPHICAL AREA becoz of the presence of a COMPETITIVELY SUPERIOR SPECIES , is found to EXPAND its distributional range dramatically hen the competing species is experimentally removed .

Connels elegant field exp showed that on the _____of ___ the larger and superior barnacle _____dominates the ____ and excludes the smaller barnacle _____ from that zone .

Rocky sea coasts Scotland Balanus Chathamalus

In general , __and ____ appear to be more adversely affected by competition than carnivores .

Herbivores | Plants

___ states that 2 closely related species competing for the same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be eliminated eventually .

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle is true if _____ .

Resources are limiting

Most recent studies do not support _____ . What do they say ?

Gause’s competitive exclusion principle | They say species facing competition might evolve mechanisms that promote co-existence rather than exclusion .`

Mechanism to promote co-existence rather than exclusion -

Resource partitioning

If 2 species compete for the same resources , how would they avoid competition ?

Choosing diff times for feeding | Diff foraging patterns

______ showed that _____ CLOSELY RELATED ____ of WARBLES , living on the same tree were able to avoid completion .

McArthur 5 Species

5 closely related species of warbles co-existed due to___ in their ____ .

Behavioral differences | Foraging activities

_____mode of life ensures free lodging and meals .

Parasitism

Parasitism has enveloped in so many taxonomic groups from __to ____ .

Plants | Higher vertebrates

Many parasites have evolved to be ___ . How ?

Host specific | Can parasitise only a single species of host

In host specific parasitism , both host and parasite CO-EVOLVE in such a way that -

If the host evolves certain mechanism for rejecting or resisting the parasite , the parasite has to evolve mechanisms to counteract and neutralise them .

In accordance with their lifestyle , parasites evolve special adaptations such as -

Loss of unnecessary sense organs Presence of adhesive organs or suckers ( to cling to the host ) Loss of digestive system High reproductive capacity

The lifecycle of parasite is often ____ , involving ___ to facilitate __ .

Complex 1or 2 intermediate hosts or hosts Parasitism of its prim hosts

The ______ ( a nematode parasite ) depend on 2 intermediate hosts , a SNAIL and a FISH to complete its lifecycle .

Human liver fluke

Majority of parasites __the host . How ?

Harm Reduce - survival , growth and reproduction of host and reduce its population density Render it more vulnerable to predation by making it weak .

Most familiar examples of ectoparasites -

Lice on humans | Ticks on dogs 🐕

Many ____ FISHES are infected with ECTOPARASITE ____ .

Marine | Copepods

Cucusta , a parasitic plant that is commonly found growing on ____ , has lost its __and _____ in the course of evolution .

Hedge plants Chlorophyll Leaves

Cucusta is a ___ .

ECTOPARASITE

The female mosquito is considered a _____ , even though _____ .

Not considered a parasite | It needs our blood for reproduction

The life cycles of ____ are more complex , because of their _____ .

Endoparasite | Extreme specialization

Endoparasite’s _____ and ____are greatly simplified while emphasizing their ____ .

SIMPLIFIED-Morphological Anatomical feature Reproductive potential ( lifecycle is complex )

During the course of evolution , the eggs of parasitic bird have evolved to resemble the host’s egg in ___ and ___ .

Size | Colour

Example of brood parasitism -

Cuckoo ( Koel ) | Crow

An ___ growing as an ___ on a MANGO. Branch is an example of COMMENSALISM .

Orchid | Epiphyte

Cattle erget always forage close to where the cattle are grazing because -

The cattle as they move , stir up and flush out insects from the vegetation that otherwise might be difficult for the egrets to find . Commensalism

The interaction btw sea anemone and clown fish is -

Commensalism

_____ has the stinging tentacles and the __lives among them to eat protection from predators which stay away from stinging tentacles 🐙 .

Sea anemone | Clown fish

The sea anemone derives _____ benefit from clown fish .

Null . No

Lichen reorient an intimate mutualistic relationship btw a fungus and ___ or __ .

Photosynthesising algae | Cyanobacteria

In mycorrhiza , fungi provides the plant with ____ , while the plant in turn provides the fungi with -

Essential nutrients from the soil | Energy yielding carbs

The most spectacular and evolutionary fascinating examples of mutualism are found in _______ .

Plant-animal relationships

Plants offer rewards or fees in the form of ____and ___ for pollinators and ____ for seed dispersers .

Pollen Nectar Juicy and nutritious fruits

In many species of _____ , there is a tight one-to-one relationship with the pollinator species of WASP .

Fig tree 🌳

What does the tight one-to-one relationship btw fig and wasp mean ?

A given fig species can be pollinated only by its partner wasp species and no other species .

The female wasp uses the fruit as ____ and the developing SEED within the fruit as ____ .

Oviposition (egg laying ) | For nourishing its larvae

The wasp pollinates the fig inflorescence , while searching for ____ .

Suitable egg-laying sites

What reward does the fig offers the wasp ?

Some of its seeds as food for the developing wasp larvae .

__show a bewildering diversity of floral patterns many of which have evolved to attract the right pollinator .

Orchids

All orchids offer rewards . T/F

F | Mediterranean orchid does not offer .

____ employs sexual deceit to get pollination done by a species of bee .

Mediterranean orchid. / OPHRYS

______ of ophrys bears an uncanny resemblance to the female of the bee in ____ , ___ and ___ .

One petal of its flower Size Colour Markings

If the female bee’s colour patterns change even slightly for any reason during evolution , pollination success will be reduced unless _____ .

The orchid flower 🌺 co-evolves to maintain the resemblance of its petal to the female bee .

Strategies For Enhancement Infood Production Flashcards

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