Environmental: Topic Three

Question 1

What is topic 3?

Answer 1

Recycling and other conservation behaviours

Question 2

What did Lord look into?

Answer 2

Motivating recycling behaviour: a quasi experimental investigation of message and source strategies

Question 3

What was Lord’s aim?

Answer 3

To investigate the effectiveness of two differently framed message approaches and 3 source strategies in enhancing people’s beliefs and attitudes towards recycling

Question 4

Describe the sample used in Lord’s study

Answer 4

140 households in North East metropolitan community with kerbside recycling programme (57%F, 43%M age range 19-65)

Question 5

How was Lord’s study matched?

Answer 5

As closely to the community’s demographic diversity (albeit more in the suburbs for safety reasons)

Question 6

What did students do on kerbside collection day week 1?

Answer 6

They observed and recorded the contents of each households recycling bin (number of items and category of item)

Question 7

What did students do the following day?

Answer 7

They left stimulus message at the front door (20 didn’t receive this as a control condition)

Question 8

What did positively framed messages focus on?

Answer 8

The benefits of recycling as well as satisfaction arising from participation programmes

Question 9

What did negatively framed messages focus on?

Answer 9

They described the risks from failing to recycle

Question 10

What was the ad like?

Answer 10

The appearance as from a company claiming to be a distributor of eco-friendly products

Question 11

What was the publicity news article?

Answer 11

Was described as recently appearing in a local news publication

Question 12

What was the personal influence?

Answer 12

A letter by student assistant and addressed personal acquaintance

Question 13

The following week what did the students do?

Answer 13

Repeated the check of the recycling bins and sent a questionnaire to each households

Question 14

What did the questionnaire address?

Answer 14

Beliefs (by a series of statements with likert scales), attitudes (by 4 semantic differentials) and demographic info (gender, age etc)

Question 15

What did the experimental conditions show about change in behaviour?

Answer 15

A significant increase from week one to week two in how much was recycled

Question 16

What did positively framed messages result in?

Answer 16

More positive and favourable attitudes

Question 17

Advertisements resulted in what?

Answer 17

They showed to engender beliefs in positive claims

Question 18

Personal influence (specifically what kind) increased what?

Answer 18

Negatively framed messages increased behaviours especially

Question 19

When was the Yale model of persuasion developed?

Answer 19

1950 by Hovland at Yale

Question 20

What is the model used as?

Answer 20

A basis to change attitudes

Question 21

Describe the importance of the source

Answer 21

Better if it is credible and trustworthy

Question 22

Describe the importance of the message

Answer 22

Two sided arguments work best for people who are well educated and one sided works best for people who are less well educated

Question 23

Describe the importance of the recipient

Answer 23

For people with strong views, smaller attitude changes should be attempted

Question 24

Describe the importance of the situation

Answer 24

Informal discussion works best

Question 25

What are the 3 stages of effective communication

Answer 25

1) Attention - has to be noticed
2) Comprehension - has to be understood
3) Acceptance - must be believable

Question 26

What is operant conditioning and how is it effective for changing attitudes?

Answer 26

Learning through rewards and punishments, most effective using positive reinforcement through rewards

Question 27

What is social learning theory and how should we use it to influence positive recycling behaviours?

Answer 27

Learning through imitation and role models and therefore we should provide positive role models

Question 28

What did Reich and Robertson do?

Answer 28

They handed out 3 forms of leaflets at a swimming pool

Question 29

What were the 3 prompts in R and R?

Answer 29

‘Help keep your pool clean’, ‘don’t litter’ and ‘don’t you dare litter’

Question 30

Which message was most effective in R and R?

Answer 30

‘Help keep your pool clean’

Question 31

Which message was least effective in R and R?

Answer 31

‘Don’t you dare litter’

Question 32

Why was ‘don’t you dare litter’ the least effective in R and R?

Answer 32

Because people don’t like to be told what to do and so react against restrictions on their behaviour

Question 33

What did Cialdini look into?

Answer 33

Social norms

Question 34

Who did Cialdini work with?

Answer 34

Large hotels to encourage guests to reuse towels

Question 35

How many guests were used in Cialdini’s sample?

Answer 35

260 - 5 conditions

Question 36

What were the 5 different conditions (Cialdini)?

Answer 36

‘Help your hotel save energy’,
‘Partner with us to help save the environment’
‘Help save the environment’
‘Help us save resources for future generations’
‘Join your fellow citizens in helping to save the environment’

Question 37

Which messages were most effective in Cialdini’s study?

Answer 37

‘Join your fellow citizens in helping to save the environment’ was most successful - 41% reused their towels
‘Help us save resources for future generations’ was 2nd most successful - 31% reused their towels

Question 38

Which message was least effective in Cialdini’s study?

Answer 38

‘Help your hotel save energy’ - 20% reused their towels