Environmental: Topic One

Question 1

What is topic one?

Answer 1

Stressors in the environment

Question 2

What is the name of the key research for topic one?

Answer 2

Black and Black

Question 3

What did Black and Black research?

Answer 3

Aircraft noise exposure and residents’ stress and hypertension

Question 4

What was the first core question that Black and Black were aiming to find?

Answer 4

Is health related quality of life worse in a community chronically exposed to aircraft noise than in a community not exposed?

Question 5

What was the second core question that Black and Black were aiming to find?

Answer 5

Is long term aircraft noise exposure associated with elevated blood pressure in adults via noise stress as a mediating factor?

Question 6

How many aircraft noise events were there in area one and what was their volume?

Answer 6

50 events of over 70 decibels

Question 7

How far away was area 2 from the airport?

Answer 7

55km

Question 8

Which airport was being studied?

Answer 8

Sydney airport

Question 9

What town were area 2 living in?

Answer 9

South Penrith

Question 10

How many aircraft noise events were experienced in area 2?

Answer 10

None

Question 11

How were the areas matched?

Answer 11

On socio-economic indices

Question 12

How many questionnaires were sent out?

Answer 12

1500

Question 13

How many responses were received?

Answer 13

796 responses received

Question 14

How many responses were fully completed?

Answer 14

704

Question 15

What was the age range of the people who responded?

Answer 15

15-87

Question 16

What were participants sent in order to complete?

Answer 16

Questionnaires made up of several sections

Question 17

What was the first section of questions in the questionnaire?

Answer 17

Health measured in relation to physical functioning, general health, vitality and mental health questions

Question 18

What were the health related questions based on?

Answer 18

SF-36

Question 19

What was the second section of questions in the questionnaire?

Answer 19

Hypertension assessed through a series of closed questions in relation to medical history (cholesterol and high bp)

Question 20

What was the third section of the questions in the questionnaire?

Answer 20

Annoyance measured by P’s identifying noise sources at home and to rate them 0-10 on how annoying they find them

Question 21

What was the fourth section of the questions in the questionnaire?

Answer 21

Factors that could effect researchers ability to assess relationship between aircraft noise and health (e.g. employment, exercise)

Question 22

What was the mean noise annoyance score for the noise affected area in comparison to the control group?

Answer 22

6.27 compared to 1.03

Question 23

What was the mean score for general health, vitality and mental health for the exposed group in comparison to the control group?

Answer 23

It was significantly lower for the exposed group

Question 24

Was long term aircraft noise significantly associated with chronic noise stress and how is this supported?

Answer 24

Yes, the exposed group had odds of 2.6 of having chronic noise stress

Question 25

Was chronic stress significantly associated with hypertension and how is this supported?

Answer 25

Yes, P's with chronic noise stress had odds of 2.74 of having hypertension

Question 26

What did Glass and Singer look into?

Answer 26

Reasons why noise is stressful

Question 27

What 3 aspects of sound were manipulated by G and S?

Answer 27

Volume, Predictability or Perceived control

Question 28

P's were given tasks to complete whilst what was going on?

Answer 28

While 25 minute recordings were playing

Question 29

How were the 3 aspects varied?

Answer 29

Volume - 56 or 108dB Predictability - 9 second regular intervals or irregular intervals Perceived control - being able to flip a switch

Question 30

What were the two tasks?

Answer 30

SPAG and a maths task

Question 31

What did G and S find from their study?

Answer 31

Perceived control and predictability had the biggest effect on performance

Question 32

What did Kenrick and MacFarlane look into?

Answer 32

How temperature affects stress

Question 33

What in particular did K and M investigate in terms of temperature?

Answer 33

They investigated how drivers responded to a stationary car in front of them in varying temperatures

Question 34

Where did the K and M's study take place?

Answer 34

Arizona

Question 35

Describe the sample used in K and M's study

Answer 35

36M and 39F with an age range of 16-65

Question 36

Describe the situation which K and M staged

Answer 36

Actor pulled up to traffic light and remained to sit at the green light for the duration of the light being green

Question 37

How long was the light green for?

Answer 37

12 seconds

Question 38

In what temperature conditions did K and M conduct their research?

Answer 38

88F - 116F (31-46C)

Question 39

At what time of week and what time of day did K and M conduct their research?

Answer 39

15 consecutive Saturday's (11am - 3pm)

Question 40

What did K and M find in terms of how long P's beeped their horns for?

Answer 40

At temperatures over 100F, 34% of P's honked their horns for over half the time, no P's did this under 90F

Question 41

What did Lundberg look into?

Answer 41

Overcrowding on commuter trains

Question 42

What did Lundberg do to measure stress levels on an overcrowded train?

Answer 42

He took urine samples from men on a 72 minute train journey

Question 43

On average, who had higher levels of adrenaline?

Answer 43

Men on a busier train had higher levels of adrenaline than men on a quieter

Question 44

What else did Lundberg find in terms of the timing of boarding the train?

Answer 44

He found that people who boarded the train early on had less adrenaline as they had more control over where they sat and who with

Question 45

What theory did Ellis produce?

Answer 45

Rational Emotive Therapy

Question 46

What is Rational Emotive Therapy?

Answer 46

A form of psychotherapy to help patients manage self defeating beliefs and develop more rational thoughts

Question 47

What is the Rational Emotive Therapy from A - E?

Answer 47

``` A - Activating event (stressor) B - Beliefs (about stressor) C - Consequences (actions to avoid) D - Disputing (questioning the irrational beliefs) E - Effects (restructured thoughts) ```