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Psychology > Developmental: Lee > Flashcards

Developmental: Lee Flashcards

1
Q

Why were Chinese children chosen in specific for Lee’s study?

A

Because they come from a communist-collectivist country which encourages communitarianism and are encourage to report misdeeds and also avoid self-aggrandisement

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2
Q

Why were Canadian children chosen for Lee’s study?

A

Because they come from an individualistic society whereby self promotion is not considered a character flaw

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3
Q

What is an individualistic culture?

A

Societies that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole

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4
Q

What is a collectivist culture?

A

Societies that emphasise where the needs and goals of the group as a whole over the needs and wishes of the individual

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5
Q

What is cross-cultural research?

A

Psychologists attempting to look at both universal behaviours and the unique behaviours to identify the ways in which culture impacts our behaviour

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6
Q

What was the aim of the study?

A

To see if Chinese and Canadian children would differ in how they rated truth telling and lie telling in pro social settings and in anti social settings

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7
Q

What is a pro social setting?

A

Where someone has done something good

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8
Q

What is an anti social setting?

A

Where someone has done something bad

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9
Q

How were the Chinese children predicted to rate the truth telling in pro social situations?

A

Less positively than the Canadian children

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10
Q

How were the Chinese children predicted to rate the lie telling in pro social situations?

A

Less negatively than the Canadian children

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11
Q

How were the Canadian and Chinese children predicted to rate truth telling in the anti social situations?

A

Both cultures were expected to show similar moral evaluations of lie telling and truth telling

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12
Q

How many stories were the children presented with?

A

4

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13
Q

What were the 4 types of story?

A

Pro-social behaviour then truth telling
Pro-social behaviour then lie telling
Anti-social behaviour then truth telling
Anti-social behaviour and then lie telling

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14
Q

What were the two types of story condition?

A

Physical or social

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15
Q

What did the social stories depict?

A

A child conducting a deed directly affecting another child

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16
Q

How were the children split in terms of the physical/social stories?

A

in half

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17
Q

What did the physical stories depict?

A

A child carrying out a deed involving only physical objects which later had social impications

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18
Q

What is a cross sectional study?

A

Collect together a sample of participants of different ages and see what the different age groups are/aren’t capable of

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19
Q

What are 2 advantages of cross sectional studies?

A

Quicker than longitudinal studies as can access a variety of ages at the same time
Less risk of participant attrition

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20
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of cross sectional studies?

A

Individual differences between P’s at different ages

Only get a snapshot and cannot analyse development or changes over time (within individuals)

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21
Q

How many IV’s were there in Lee’s study?

A

4

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22
Q

How was nationality of the child an IV?

A

As they were Chinese or Canadian

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23
Q

How was age an IV?

A

The children were either 7, 9 or 11 years old

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24
Q

What was the IV involving how the character behaved in the story?

A

Pro social or anti social

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25
Q

What was the IV in terms of what was affected by the child’s behaviour?

A

Social or physical

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26
Q

For the Chinese sample, how many male and female children were there for each age group?

A

20m and 20f

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27
Q

For the Chinese sample, how many males and females were used in total?

A

60m and 60f

28
Q

In the Canadian sample how many males and females were in the aged 7 group?

A

20m and 16f

29
Q

In the Canadian sample, how many males and females were there in the aged 9 group?

A

24m and 16f

30
Q

In the Canadian sample how many males and females were there in the aged 11 group?

A

14m and 18f

31
Q

What was the overall total of Chinese children?

A

120 children

32
Q

What was the overall total of the Canadian children?

A

108 children

33
Q

How were children allocated to the social or physical story condition?

A

On a random basis

34
Q

How were the children seen?

A

Individually

35
Q

What was explained first of all during the procedure?

A

The rating scale

36
Q

When the children had to answer the questions, what could they use to answer the questions?

A

Words, symbols or sometimes both

37
Q

How many stories did each child listen to and of what kind?

A

The child either listened to 4 social stories or 4 physical stories

38
Q

How did Lee control that the children weren’t just saying the first answer option each time?

A

By alternating the meaning of good and naughty

39
Q

How did the researchers in Lee’s study counterbalance?

A

By randomly allocating stores to one of two orders so half the children had one order and the other half had the other order

40
Q

What scale did Lee use for the study?

A

From -3 to 3 where 3 was very very good and -3 was very very naughty

41
Q

Summarise what the pro-social - truth telling section was testing

A

Whether it was good or bad to tell the truth about doing something good

42
Q

Summarise what the pro-social - lie telling section was testing

A

Whether is was good or bad to tell a lie about doing something good

43
Q

Summarise what the anti-social - truth telling section was testing

A

Whether is was good or bad to tell the truth about doing something bad

44
Q

Summarise what the anti-social - lie telling section was testing

A

Whether it was good or bad to lie about doing something bad

45
Q

What were the results from story one (pro social truth telling) in terms of how the children rated the pro social behaviours?

A

There were no significant differences in how the children rated these behaviours

46
Q

What were the results from story one (pro social truth telling) in terms of how consistent the cultures were across age in their ratings?

A

Canadian children were consistent across their ratings at each age
Chinese children rated truth telling less positively as age increased

47
Q

What were the results from story two (pro social lie telling) in terms of Canadian children?

A

They rated lie telling negatively although this became less negative with age

48
Q

What were the results from story two (pro social lie telling) in terms of the Chinese children?

A

At aged 7 they rated lie telling negatively by at age 11 they rated lie telling positively

49
Q

What were the results from story three (anti social truth telling)?

A

There were no significant differences - both cultures rated this positively

50
Q

What variable did Lee find was less important when it came to the results from story four (anti social lie telling)?

A

Culture was less important as age differences were found among the children

51
Q

What were the results in terms of age from story four (anti social lie telling)?

A

Negative ratings increased with age in both cultures

52
Q

Describe how the older Chinese and older Canadian children were different in terms of rating pro social truth telling

A

Older Chinese children rated pro social truth telling less positively than the older Canadian children

53
Q

Describe how the Chinese and Canadian children differed in terms of rating pro social lie telling

A

Canadian children were slightly negative in their ratings compared to Chinese children who were positive in their ratings

54
Q

How did children from both cultures rate anti social lie telling?

A

Both rated this negatively

55
Q

How did children from both cultures rate anti social truth telling?

A

Both rated this positively

56
Q

How did 1/2 of the Chinese children justify their reasons for rating pro social truth telling negatively?

A

They said it was because the child was ‘begging for’ or ‘wanting’ praise

57
Q

What reasons did a 1/3 of the Chinese children give for rating the pro social lie telling as positive?

A

Because you shouldn’t tell your teacher or leave your home after doing a good deed

58
Q

What does Lee’s study suggest about moral development in relation to socio-cultural practices?

A

That moral development is different in different cultures as a result of socio-cultural norms and practices and not only as a result of cognitive development

59
Q

Which ethical guidelines did Lee uphold?

A

Consent, withdrawal and confidentiality

60
Q

How might we argue that Lee upheld withdrawal?

A

The unequal numbers in the Canadian sample maybe possible evidence for withdrawn children?

61
Q

Which ethical guidelines did Lee break?

A

Slight emotional harm may have been cause if the story upset the child and there was minor deception

62
Q

Was the procedure standardised and replicable? (internal reliability)

A

Yes, all 8 stories were standardised and could be repeated

63
Q

Was the sample large enough to suggest a consistent effect? (external reliability)

A

Yes, large sample size allowed for consistent effects to be shown across age, culture and story type

64
Q

How far was there a risk of demand characteristics? (construct validity)

A

Unlikely that the children would guess the purpose of the experiment and what Lee was trying to find from the results

65
Q

Could the researchers have been measuring something other than moral development? (construct validity)

A

How comfortable the children were with the researcher or familiarity with rating scales

66
Q

Did the stories presented to the children resemble real life? (ecological validity)

A

Whilst they are potentially everyday activities, what a child says they would do may be different to what they would actually do

67
Q

In what ways could Lee’s study be argued to be ethnocentric?

A

Because Canada cannot represent all individualistic cultures and China cannot represent all collectivist cultures

Psychology (38 decks)

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