Enzymes

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of stable conditions in our bodies
(pH of blood, oxygen in blood, body temperature)

Question 2

Name Sources of Energy

Answer 2

Solar & cellular

Question 3

What is solar energy? + name something that takes in this energy

Answer 3

Primary source of energy
+ some pigments (like chlorophyll)

Question 4

what occurs when solar energy is stored?

Answer 4

chemical bonds formed in biomolecules

Question 5

photosynthesis

Answer 5

How plants make food

Question 6

formula for photosynthesis

Answer 6

carbon dioxide + water ➡️sunlight,chlorophyll
glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H20
➡️
C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 7

what is cellular energy?

Answer 7

energy released by reactions in cell

Question 8

What happens in cellular reactions

Answer 8

biomolecules broken down, bonds broken & energy released

Question 9

what are enzymes?

Answer 9

catalysts made up of protein

Question 10

catalysts

Answer 10

alter rate of reaction without being used up

Question 11

features of enzymes

Answer 11

produced by ribosomes
globular

Question 12

what substance do enzymes act on?

Answer 12

substrate (starch/amylose)

Question 13

what substance do enzymes form?

Answer 13

product (maltose)

Question 14

formula for enzyme

Answer 14

substrate + enzyme ➡️
enzyme substrate complex ➡️
product + enzyme

Question 15

what is role of enzymes

Answer 15

used in metabolic reactions

Question 16

types of enzymes in metabolic reactions (eg)

Answer 16

-catabolic enzyme
(amylase - amylose ➡️ maltose) -anabolic enzyme
(opposite)

Question 17

factors of enzyme reactions (+formula)

Answer 17

reversible
substrate+enzyme
➡️⬅️
product +enzyme

Question 18

how are enzymes named?

Answer 18

add ‘ase’ to substrate

Question 19

inhibitors

Answer 19

attach to enzymes and denature them

Question 20

factors affecting enzymes

Answer 20

temperature & pH

Question 21

what happens to enzymes at low temperatures ?

Answer 21

ice forms, liquids become solids, enzymes cant work

Question 22

what happens to enzymes as temperatures increase?

Answer 22

molecules move and bump into one another causing rate of reaction to increase

Question 23

what happens to enzymes at high temperatures

Answer 23

enzyme is denatured & rate of reaction falls

Question 24

optimum human body temperature

Answer 24

36•5 /37’C

Question 25

optimum plant temperature

Answer 25

20 - 30’C

Question 26

What is acidic pH

Answer 26

0<7

Question 27

what is alkaline pH

Answer 27

7>14

Question 28

what is optimum pH?

Answer 28

7

Question 29

what is exception for optimum pH?

Answer 29

pepsin - pH 2

Question 30

Bio processing (eg)

Answer 30

use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce product (cheese, vaccines, perfumes)

Question 31

what used to be used in bio processing?

Answer 31

micro organisms (eg yeast)

Question 32

bio reactor

Answer 32

where bio processing occurs

Question 33

how is loss of enzymes prevented

Answer 33

immobilisation

Question 34

immobilisation (eg)

Answer 34

enzymes attached to each other/ inert substance & can be used repeatedly (eg sodium alginate)

Question 35

formula for immobilisation

Answer 35

enzyme + substance ➡️ product +enzyme

Question 36

physical methods of immobilisation

Answer 36

adsorption = enzyme physically attached to inert substance (eg glass beads/ceramics) enclosed by membrane trapped in gel = sodium alginate used, allows substrate in & products out

Question 37

methods of immobilisation

Answer 37

physical & chemical

Question 38

chemical methods of immobilisation

Answer 38

bonded to support (glass beads/ceramics) bonded to each other

Question 39

Advantages of immobilised enzymes

Answer 39

Doesn’t affect efficiency easily recovered from product can be reused (cuts costs) increases stability

Question 40

Uses of immobilised enzymes

Answer 40

sweetens drinks (glucose isomerase converts glucose to fructose) fights wider range of bacteria (penicillin acylase converts penicillin structure to more antibiotics) used by food manufacturers (lactase converts lactose to glucose & galactose)