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Bio🧪 > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what are testes

A

male gonad

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2
Q

gonad

A

organ that produces sex cells in animals

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3
Q

how are testes developed

A

developed in body but a few weeks before birth descend into scrotum

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4
Q

what temp is sperm kept at and why

A

35 - ideal for sperm production

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5
Q

role of seminiferous tubules

A

lined with sperm producing cells

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6
Q

what is between tubules & its function

A

interstitial cells - produce testosterone

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7
Q

how is epididymis formed

A

all seminiferous tubules combine

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8
Q

role of epididymis

A

sperm are stored and matured here

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9
Q

another name for sperm duct

A

vas deferens

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10
Q

relationship between sperm duct and urethra

A

epididymis ➡️ sperm duct which brings sperm to ➡️ urethra which carries sperm and urine ➡️ out of body

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11
Q

glands in male body

A

seminal vesicle
prostate gland
cowper’s gland

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12
Q

role of glands in body

A

produce seminal fluid

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13
Q

what does the production of seminal fluid do for the body

A

nourishes sperm and provides a medium for swimming

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14
Q

how is semen produced

A

seminal fluid and sperm

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15
Q

role of penis

A

release sperm into vagina

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16
Q

how is sperm produced

A

produced by meisos

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17
Q

meiosis

A

type of cell division
- cell divides and forms 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell

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18
Q

how many chromosomes in parent cell

A

46

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19
Q

how many cells in daughter cell

A

23

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20
Q

sperm producing cells are ________

A

diploid

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21
Q

diploid

A

cells containing 2 sets of 4 chromosomes

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22
Q

how many chromosomes do normal body cells contain

A

46

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23
Q

symbol for diploid cells

A

2n

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24
Q

describe haploid cells

A
  • meiosis halves number of chromosomes so sperm cells are called haploid
  • contain one set of chromosomes
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25
Q

what does the acrosome in sperm cells contain

A

contains digestive enzyme

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26
Q

nucleus of sperm cell contains:

A

23 chromosomes

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27
Q

what does the collar of sperm cell contain

A

contains many mitochondria

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28
Q

role of flagellum in sperm cell

A

causes sperm to swim

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29
Q

when are sperm cells produced

A

puberty

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30
Q

puberty

A

beginning of sexual maturity

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31
Q

name male hormone

A

testosterone

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32
Q

role of testosterone

A

develops primary and secondary male sexual characteristics

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33
Q

what do primary sexual characteristics dictate

A

presence of reproductive parts

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34
Q

what do secondary sexual characteristics dictate

A

features distinguishing males from females (apart from sex organs)

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35
Q

name some secondary male characteristics

A

body, facial and pubic hair

enlarged larynx - causes breaking of voice

increased muscular and bone development- wider shoulders

growth spurt

increased secretion of sebum in skin

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36
Q

role of ovaries

A

production of eggs and female hormones

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37
Q

how are eggs in body produced

A

meiosis

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38
Q

what surrounds egg in ovary

A

graafian follicle

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39
Q

role of graafian follicle

A

produce oestrogen

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40
Q

what is corpus lutuem also known as

A

yellow body

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41
Q

role of corpus lutuem

A

secretes progesterone

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42
Q

process of egg production in ovaries

A
  • at birth female foetus contains all potential eggs from birth, they are diploid cells.
  • after puberty, a number of eggs are produced monthly by meiosis.
  • one egg continues to grow and the rest die off
  • the egg is surrounded by graafian follicle
  • when mature, follicle forms a swelling on the outside of ovaries
  • this swelling bursts at ovulation to release egg
  • after ovulation, follicle fills with yellow cells and become corpus luteum
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43
Q

how long is the menstrual cycle

A

28 days

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44
Q

role of menstrual cycle

A

produce egg and prepares body for pregnancy

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45
Q

how long do women partake in the menstrual cycle

A

begins at puberty, ends at menopause

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46
Q

menopause

A

end of a woman’s reproductive life

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47
Q

what occurs day 1 - 5 of menstrual cycle

A
  • old lining of endometrium breaks down and sheds, loss of blood and tissue (menstruation/period)
  • new egg is produced in ovary by meiosis and surrounded by graafian follicle
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48
Q

menstruation/period

A

loss of blood and tissue

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49
Q

what occurs day 6 - 14 of menstrual cycle

A
  • developing graafian follicle produces oestrogen
  • this causes the endometrium to build up again to prepare for implantation
  • it also prevents the development of more eggs
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50
Q

what occurs day 14 of menstrual cycle

A

(ovulation) graafian follicle bursts which releases egg into the fallopian tube

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51
Q

what occurs day 14 - 28 of menstrual cycle

A
  • graafian follicle turns into corpus lutuem
  • this causes endometrium to thicken further and also prevents formation of new eggs
  • on day 16, egg dies if its not fertilised
  • days 12 - 16 are the fertile period
  • at around day 22, if fertilisation doesn’t occur corpus lutuem will begin to degenerate, resulting in reduced progesterone levels
  • as a result, on day 28, the endometrium breaks down
  • cycle repeats
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52
Q

when is the fertile period of a menstrual cycle

A

days 12 - 16

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53
Q

ovum

A

egg

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54
Q

ova

A

eggs

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55
Q

how long can sperm live in female body

A

7 days

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56
Q

what is the reason for the fertile period beginning on day __ ? name day and explain

A
  • day 14
  • sperm may already be present in body
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57
Q

name the hormones in menstrual cycle and list their order

A

FSH
oestrogen
LH
progesterone

58
Q

how is FSH produced

A

by pituitary gland days 1 - 5 of cycle

59
Q

meaning of FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

60
Q

role of FSH

A

stimulates a few potential eggs to develop (surrounded by graafian follicle), usually one survives

61
Q

what can FSH be applied in

A
  • fertility treatments as it can stimulate the production of eggs
  • often lots develop causing multiple births
62
Q

how is oestrogen produced

A

graafian follicle in ovary days 1 - 5 of cycle

63
Q

roles of oestrogen

A
  • develop endometrium
  • inhibits FSH, this ensures no further development of eggs
64
Q

application of oestrogen

A

contraceptive pills

65
Q

meaning of LH

A

luteinising hormone

66
Q

how is LH produced

A

is produced by pituitary gland days 14 - 28 of cycle

67
Q

role of LH

A

causes ovulation

68
Q

how is progesterone produced

A

remains of graafian follicle develop into corpus luteum which produces progesterone days 14 - 28 of cycle

69
Q

role of progesterone

A
  • maintains structure of endometrium
  • inhibits production of FSH (stops development of eggs)
  • inhibits LH which stops further ovulation and pregnancies
  • prevents contractions of uterus
70
Q

name a menstrual disorder

A

fibroids

71
Q

what are fibroids

A
  • a benign tumour in uterus wall caused by overproduction of cells
  • common between ages 35 - 45
72
Q

benign

A

non - cancerous

73
Q

cause of fibroids

A
  • uncertain
  • may be induced by oestrogen (e.g. in contraceptive pill)
74
Q

prevention and treatment for fibroids

A
  • large fibroids: surgically; hysterectomy/ anti - oestrogen tablets
75
Q

hysterectomy

A

removal of uterus

76
Q

symptoms of fibroids

A
  • large fibroids: heavy and prolonged periods
  • anaemia
  • miscarriage/infertility
77
Q

name stages of copulation

A

arousal, copulation and orgasm

78
Q

what occurs during sexual arousal

A
  • penis gets erect
  • vagina becomes lubricated
79
Q

what occurs during copulation

A
  • penis is inserted and moved inside vagina
80
Q

what occurs during orgasm

A
  • sperm is ejaculated
  • contraction of vagina and uterus
81
Q

what occurs during insemination

A
  • sperm released into female
  • contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes move sperm to tubes within minutes
  • if egg is present, chemical chemotaxis releases to attract sperm
82
Q

where does fertilisation occur

A

fallopian tube

83
Q

what occurs during fertilisation

A
  • sperm swim up to egg, many die due to acidic conditions in vagina
  • acrosome from sperm penetrates egg and loses tail in the process
  • nuclei of egg and sperm fuse which forms zygote
  • membrane of egg undergoes chemical change, this prevents other sperm cells entering
84
Q

what is implantation

A

embedding of fertilised egg into endometrium, 6 - 9 days after fertilisation

85
Q

what happens during implantation

A
  • zygote turns into embryo
  • amnion (membrane) develops around embryo, this secrets amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber
  • after implantation, placenta forms
86
Q

sequence of development from fertilised egg

A

(2 months)
zygote
morula
blastocyst
embryo

(7 months)
foetus
baby

87
Q

what happens day 1 of human embryo development

A

(early development of zygote)
- fertilisation occurs
- zygote contains 46 chromosomes, half from the egg and half from the sperm

88
Q

what happens day 3 of human embryo development

A
  • zygote rapidly divides (mitosis)
  • forms morula
89
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells

90
Q

what happens day 5 of human embryo development

A
  • blastocyst is formed
  • outer layers of blastocyst form trophoblast, develops into membrane surrounding embryo (placenta & amnion)
91
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells

92
Q

what happens day 10 of human embryo development

A

(embryonic development)
- inner cell mass of blastocyst form germ layers of embryo
- each layer gives rise to specific structures in the developing embryo
- mesoderm is divided into an inner and outer layer

93
Q

name the germ layers of an embryo

A

ectoderm (outside)
mesoderm (middle)
endoderm (inside)

94
Q

what is a coelom and its function?

A

the gap dividing inner and outer layer of mesoderm

it allows complex organs to develop (ie heart, lungs, kidneys)

95
Q

germ layers

A

basic layers of cells in blastocyst that cause the formation of all adult tissues and organs

96
Q

name the germ layers and the organ/organ system that they produce?

A

ectoderm - nails, skin, hair, nervous system

mesoderm - muscles, skeleton, excretory system, respiratory system, circulatory system, reproductive system

endoderm - inner lining of digestive, respiratory and excretory systems, liver and pancreas

97
Q

what is amnion in contact with when first formed

A

embryo

98
Q

what happens at the 4th/5th week of human embryo development

A
  • fluid begins to accumulate within amnion (amniotic fluid)
  • heart forms and starts to beat
  • brain develops
  • limbs start to form
99
Q

what is the primary function of amnion and amniotic fluid

A

protection of embryo for its future development

100
Q

what happens at the 6th week of human embryo development

A
  • eyes are visible
  • mouth, nose and ears begin to form
  • skeleton is in early stages of development
101
Q

what happens at the 8th week of human embryo development

A
  • major body organs are formed
  • sex glands have developed into testes/ ovaries
  • bone begins to replace cartilage
  • embryo has taken on a recognisably human form
  • referred to as a foetus
  • no new organs formed
102
Q

what happens at the 12th week of human embryo development

A
  • nerves and muscle co-ordinate allowing arms & legs to move
  • foetus sucks it’s thumb, urinates and releases faeces into amniotic fluid
  • gender can be seen in scans
103
Q

gestation period

A

time from fertilisation to birth

104
Q

how long is the gestation period

A

38 weeks/9 months

105
Q

process of placenta formation:

A
  • forms from combination of tissues of uterus and embryo
  • after implantation a membrane (chorion) surrounds amnion and embryo
  • chorionic villi emerge from chorion and invade endometrium, this allows for the transfer of nutrients from menstrual blood to fetal blood
  • combination of chorionic villi and endometrium form placenta and is fully operational 3 months into pregnancy
  • placenta allows for exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases, antibodies and hormones between blood of mother and embryo
  • produces progesterone
106
Q

chorion

A

a membrane

107
Q

why cant the blood of the mother and the blood of the embryo mix

A
  • blood groups may be incompatible
  • blood pressure of mother’s system may damage embryo
108
Q

function of umbilical cord

A
  • connects embryo with placenta
  • takes blood from embryo to placenta and back again
  • must be cut at birth to separate baby from mother
109
Q

what does the umbilical cord contain

A

blood vessels which circulates the blood between embryo and placenta

110
Q

whats another name for birth

A

parturition

111
Q

explain process of birth and labour

A
  • hormones oestrogen and progesterone are produced throughout pregnancy by corpus luteum in the first 3 months and then by placenta
  • immediately before birth placenta stops making progesterone, this causes the walls of the uterus to contract
  • pituitary gland releases hormone oxytocin, this causes further contractions of the uterus

(labour) (stage 1) 12 hrs

  • contractions of the uterus pushes foetus towards cervix, this causes cervix to dilate
  • contractions cause amnion to break, this releases amniotic fluid through vagina (water break)

(pushing) (stage 2) 20m to 1hr

  • foetus passes through cervix and birth canal headfirst
  • Umbilical cord is tied and cut, this leaves a scar and becomes the navel (bellybutton)

(afterbirth) (stage 3) 10m - 15m

  • baby is born
  • uterus contracts again and expels after birth (umbilical cord and placenta)
112
Q

what is the endocrine gland’s function

A

produces and releases hormones into blood (ductless glands)

113
Q

materials pass from baby to mother

A

waste, salt, CO2, urea

114
Q

materials passed from mother to baby

A

food, oxygen, hormones, viruses, alcohol and drugs, antibodies

115
Q

lactation

A

the secretion of milk by the mammary glands

116
Q

process of lactation

A
  • colostrum produced first days after birth
  • milk production is triggered by the release of prolactin by pituitary gland
117
Q

benefits of breastfeeding

A
  • colostrum and breast milk provide essential antibodies to protect
    babies from infection
  • ideal balance of nutrients for baby
  • easier to digest than milk (less fat)
  • helps mother recover (uterus contracts faster)
  • reduces risk of breast cancer
118
Q

birth control

A

methods employed to limit number of children born

119
Q

contraception

A
  • deliberate prevention of fertilisation/pregnancy
  • achieved by preventing egg from meeting
120
Q

forms of mechanical contraception

A
  • condoms
  • Use of diaphragms (female), stops sperm from entering uterus
121
Q

what can contraception also protect against

A

STD/STI’s

122
Q

forms of chemical conception

A
  • the pill, contains oestrogen and progesterone which prevent against ovulation, hence contraception
  • spermicide, chemical that kills sperm
  • the bar, inserted under skin in arm
123
Q

form of surgical contraception

A
  • fallopian tubes and sperm ducts can be cut and tied
124
Q

forms of natural contraception

A

not having sexual intercourse during the fertile period of menstrual cycle

125
Q

natural methods of contraception try to identify the time of ovulation based on:

A
  • monitoring body temperature, which slightly rises after ovulation
  • Mucus secreted in cervix, which texture changes after ovulation
126
Q

methods of preventing implantation

A
  • pills
  • coils/ IUDs, which are inserted into womb
127
Q

infertility

A

inability of a couple to achieve conception

128
Q

male infertility disorders include:

A
  • low sperm count, which is a low number of sperm per ml of seminal fluid
  • low sperm mobility, arises if movement of sperm is slow/not in a straight line, or both, sperm may have difficulty passing through cervical mucuos or penetrating shell of egg
  • endocrine gland failure, which is when the testes fail to produce sperm
129
Q

Causes of low sperm count

A
  • persistent use of drugs (eg alcohol, cigarettes, anabolic steroids)
  • abnormalities in sperm production/obstruction of tubes that sperm travels through
  • stress
130
Q

treatment of low sperm count

A
  • change in diet
  • change in lifestyle (eg stopping alcohol consumption/smoking)
  • reduction in stress levels
131
Q

female infertility disorders

A
  • blockage in fallopian tubes, which is when the scarring of the tube can block the passage of the egg to the uterus
  • endocrine gland failure, which is a failure of ovaries to produce an egg
132
Q

causes of blockage in the fallopian tube

A
  • fragments of uterus lining may spread to fallopian tube
  • Inflammation due to infection
133
Q

treatment of blockage in the fallopian tube

A

IVF ( in vitro fertilisation)

134
Q

what is IVF

A
  • a method of treating infertility, when eggs are removed from an ovary and fertilised outside of the body
  • during IVF, fertility drugs are given to the female to stimulate the ovaries to produce more than one egg
135
Q

process of IVF

A
  • eggs are taken from females body and into the laboratory
  • sperm sample is taken from male
  • eggs and sperm and mixed together
  • sample is placed in an ideal condition for fertilisation
  • main aim of procedure is to obtain a zygote, if successful zygotes development will be monitored closely
  • developing embryo can be placed back into females body for implantation
136
Q

stem cells

A
  • primary source to develop into many different types of body cells
  • obtained from embryos and bone marrow
137
Q

describe fallopian tube

A
  • muscular and approximately 12 cm long
  • site of implantation
  • funnels at tips of tube catch egg after released from ovary
  • egg moves along tube by cilia and muscular peristalsis
  • egg is either fertilised or dies
138
Q

another name for uterus

A

womb

139
Q

describe uterus

A
  • muscular structure, approximately the size of a fist
  • site of implantation
  • forms placenta
  • outer wall made of involuntary muscle
  • inner lining of uterus is called the endometrium
  • the lining of the endometrium thickens each month with cells and blood vessels to nourish embryo
  • The opening of the uterus is called the cervix
140
Q

describe vagina

A
  • elastic muscular tube, 10 cm long
  • allows entry of sperm
  • birth canal for babies exit
  • lined with cells that produce mucuos, which protect against entry of pathogens
141
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing organisms (e.g. bacteria/fungi)

Bio🧪 (13 decks)

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