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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > ENZYMES OF CLINICAL SGNIFICANCE > Flashcards

ENZYMES OF CLINICAL SGNIFICANCE Flashcards

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1
Q

This catalyze interconversions of the amino acids and alpha-ketoaciddds by transfer of amino groups.

A

Aminotransferases

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2
Q

Give example of Aminotransferases.

A

Pyridoxal phosphate

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3
Q

What is the significance of Aminotransferases?

A

The products of the reaction of Aminotransferases enters the TCA. Therefore the main significant of AT is production of energy.

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4
Q

Which is the receiver in an Aminotransferase reaction?

A

Alpha-ketoacids

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5
Q

What is the function of Aminotransferases?

A

Amino acid metabolism

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6
Q

What cycle oxidized ketoacids?

A

TCA cycle

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7
Q

Transcribe SGOT

A

Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

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8
Q

What is the reaction catalyzed of AST?

A

Aspartate + a-ketoglutarate <> Oxaloacetate + GLutamate

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9
Q

This is known to combine with Acetyl Coenzyme A particularly in the first step of the TCA cycle .

A

Oxaloacetate

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10
Q

What substance is Oxaloacetate known to combine with?

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A

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11
Q

What is the other importance of Oxaloacetate?

A

It is important in the biomolecule in Gluconeogenesis.

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12
Q

This is a process where glucose is produced. It is synthesized from nonglucose source.

A

Gluconeogenesis

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13
Q

What is the product of aspartate when combined with a-ketoglutarate?

A

Oxaloacetate and Glutamate

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14
Q

This is a carrier of Nitrogen, particularly Ammonia.

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

This is a waste product of protein.

A

Ammonia

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16
Q

What is the process of the conversion of Urea?

A

The Glutamate will carry the Ammonia to the liver and in the liver the Ammonia will be converted into Urea.

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17
Q

The highest concentration of AST can be found in?

A

A. Cardiac tissue
B. Liver
C. Skeletal muscle

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18
Q

The smaller amounts of concentration of AST can be found in?

A

A. Kidney
B. Pancreas
C. RBCs

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19
Q

What are the types of AST Isoenzyme?

A

A. Mitochondrial Isoenzyme
B. Cytoplasmic Isoenzyme

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20
Q

What are the scientific diagnoses of AST?

A

A.Hepatocellular disorders
B. Skeletal muscle involvement

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21
Q

If it is a mild degree of liver tissue injury, what is predominant?

A

Cytoplasmic Isoenzyme

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22
Q

What happens if there is a severe tissue damage?

A

Release of mitochondrial Isoenzyme

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23
Q

Enumerate the AST elevations

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A

A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Congestive Heart Failure
C. Viral hepatitis
D. Cirrhosis
E. Skeletal muscle disorders

24
Q

Define pulmonary embolism

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A

Their is a clot in the lungs. Therefore, it blocks the passage of the air which leads to Hypoxia.

25
What do you call the clotting in the deep vein of the leg?
Deep vein thrombosis
26
With pulmonary embolism, AST will be increased by how many times?
3x the Upper Limit of the Normal Value.
27
Describe briefly Hepatitis A, B, C,D and E.
A - fecal oral route (contaminated food) B - Blood transfusion, sexually. (Newborns can be affected by infected mothers) C - Same with B. However, blood transfusion is more prominent to drug users. D - Co-infection with B because cannot replicate by itself E - Same as A. Contributory factor is sanitation
28
This is the scarring of the liver.
Cirrhosis
29
What disease has an elevation up to 4x the upper limit of the normal value?
Cirrhosis
30
This is a group of conditions that weakens / degenerates muscles leading o muscle wasting.
Muscular dystrophies
31
With AMI or Heart Attack, what is always observed?
The pattern of elevation specifically the rise, peak and normalization.
32
After the onset of AMI, the measurement of elevation is done after how many hours?
6 - 8 hours
33
How many days does normalization take place?
4 -5 days.
34
This is the key link b/w TCA cycle and Glycolysis
Pyruvate
35
PYRUVATE: It is the ________ to the formation of ________ wherein the pyruvate is transferred to the _____________ and it is converted into _________________.
Precursor; ATP; Mitochondria; Acetyl Co-enzyme A
36
Which is more live specific enzymes of the transferases, ALT or AST?
ALT
37
What is the diagnostic significance of ALT?
A. Evaluation of hepatic disorders (hepatocellular) B. Progressive inflammatory liver conditions
38
This condition has a higher ALT elevation than AST
Progressive Inflammatory Liver Conditions
39
This is the AST:ALT ratio.
De Ritis Ratio
40
What are these when it comes to De Ritis Ration? A. <1.0 B. >1.0 but <2.0 C. >2.0
A. Normal, even with viral hepatitis B. Associated with Cirrhosis C. Associated with alcoholic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma
41
In acute hepatocellular injury, why is AST>ALT initially and after 24-48 hours the ALT is higher than the AST?
Because of the AST activity in hepatocytes and ALT has a longer half-life.
42
What is the formula for De Ritis Ratio?
AST RESULT / ALT RESULT
43
This method of measurement is the reaction of Transaminase couple to specific DH reactions.
Continuous-Monitoring method.
44
This Assay method is couple with enzymatic reaction with MDH. And, it monitors change in absorbance at 340nm.
Karmen Method
45
What is the indicator method of Karmen method?
Malate Dehydrogenase Enzyme
46
What is the optimal pH of Karmen Method?
7.3 - 7.8
47
What are the sources of errors of AST?
Hemolysis
48
AST activity in RBC is _________ higher than the serum.
15x
49
AST is stable in serum for ________ at 4'C.
3 - 4 days
50
What is the reference range of AST?
5 - 30 U/L
51
What is the indicator reaction of ALT?
LDH
52
What are the sources of errors of ALT?
ALT is unaffected by hemolysis because RBC activity in RBCs is only 7x higher than in normal serum.
53
What is the reference range of ALT?
6 -37 U/L
54
In colorimetric method, AST/ALT is couples with ____________.
2,4 - DNPH (Reitmann-Frankel)
55
In colorimetric method, _____________ of _____________ and pyruvate are more chromogenic.
Phenylhydrazones; Oxaloacetate
56
This method is still feasible and simple and limited BUT acceptable accuracy.
Colorimetric Method

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (23 decks)

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