Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PE > EP - Booklet 1 (3) > Flashcards

EP - Booklet 1 (3) Flashcards

1
Q

Which social factors influence the type of lifestyle we lead?

A

Education
Family
Friends
Role models
Media
Provisions
Economic status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What would some poor lifestyle choices be?

A

Sedentary lifestyle
Smoking
Poor diet
Alcohol
Recreational drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is coronary heart disease (CHD) developed?

A

When coronary arteries become blocked due to a narrow build up of fatty deposits containing cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

When an atheroma (plaque) forms, narrowing the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Artery walls hardening which reduces vasoconstriction and vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How would a heart attack occur?

A

If a piece of atheroma breaks off in the coronary artery it can cause a blood clot
Blocks the supply of oxygenated blood to the heart which triggers a heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would a stroke occur?

A

Atheroma breaks off and blocks a capillary, blocking blood supply to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What factors lead to high blood pressure?

A

Smoking
High salt in the diet
High fat in the diet
Lack of sleep
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When does type 2 diabetes occur?

A

When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How may an increased sugar intake lead to the development of type 2 diabetes?

A

Increased sugar = increased blood glucose levels
Pancreas secretes insulin to control it
Body becomes tolerant to insulin so it no longer has an effect on blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are seven health benefits of exercise?

A

Burns calories - energy balance
Increases basal metabolic rate
Metabolic rate boosted for up to 5 hours after exercise
Helps control blood glucose levels
Increase bone density
Boost self confidence and helps prevent depression
Decreases resting blood pressure, lowers LDL’s and increases HDL’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which two circuits does the CV system contain?

A

Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the muscles and other tissues and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the muscles and other tissues of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is the regulation of blood flow controlled in the body?

A

Vascular shunting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What two mechanisms does vascular shunting control?

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do?

A

Open or close in order to control blood flow to specific areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

Generate it’s own electrical impulses and doesn’t require brain stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the heart is relaxing and filling with blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is systole?

A

When the heart is contracting and forcing blood around the two circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the order of the cardiac conduction system?

A

SAN fires
Causes atrial systole
Delayed at AVN node
Impulse passes Bundle of His
Passes along the Purkinje fibres
Causes ventricular systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Transport gases and nutrients
Regulate body temp
Protection and healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is venous return?

A

The flow of blood that returns to the heart via venules and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What happens to venous return during exercise?
Increases
26
What are the four different venous return mechanisms?
Pocket valves Cardiac suction Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump
27
What happens in the skeletal muscle pump?
Skeletal muscles compress the veins forcing blood back to the heart
28
What is the function of pocket valves?
Prevent backflow
29
What happens in the respiratory pump?
Inhalation causes the thoracic pressure to decrease which causes a small flow of blood back to the heart
30
What happens during cardiac suction?
As ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves pulled down increasing size of atria Causes a pressure difference between the atria and the veins, 'sucking' blood back towards the heart
31
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat
32
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
33
How do you work out cardiac output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
34
What happens to cardiac output when exercising?
Increases
35
What does Starling's Law suggest?
Cardiac output is dependent on the extensibility of cardiac muscle fibres During diastole - cardiac tissue is stretched out During systole - cardiac tissue 'pings' back which forcefully ejects the blood
36
What are the steps of Starling's Law during exercise?
Venous return increases Cardiac tissue stretched out even more More powerful contraction of the heart Cardiac output increases Ejection fraction increases
37
What is ejection fraction?
The % of blood being pumped out of the left ventricle each beat
38
At rest what is the ejection fraction?
55%
39
During exercise what is the ejection fraction?
70%
40
What is cardiovascular drift?
A drifting of upwards heart rate when exercising at a constant work rate over a prolonged period or in a hot environment
41
Why does sweating decrease Starling's Law and result in an increased HR?
Causes a decrease in blood volume and venous return as plasma contains alot of water Stroke volume and cardiac output decrease Meaning HR has to increase to maintain a constant cardiac output
42
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by the blood on the inside walls of the blood vessels
43
How is blood pressure measured?
Using a sphygmomanometer Expressed as two numbers Systolic blood pressure over diastolic blood pressure
44
Which physiological factors affect blood pressure?
Blood flow - Blood volume Stroke volume Heart rate Peripheral resistance - Blood viscosity Blood vessel length and diameter Blood vessel elasticity
45
What happens during gaseous exchange at the alveoli?
O2 move down a conc gradient from alveoli to RBC - form oxyhaemoglobin CO2 move down a conc gradient in the opposite direction
46
Which structural factors aid pulmonary diffusion (gaseous exchange at the alveoli)?
Thin alveolar membrane Many alveolar and spherical structure - large SA Capillary diameter is less than RBC so they are forced through single file maximising O2 exposure
47
What happens during gaseous exchange at the muscles?
CO2 diffuse into capillary and O2 diffuse into the muscle cell down a conc gradient
48
What is a spirometry trace?
Measures the amount and rate of air a person breathes in
49
What is tidal volume?
Volume of air breathed in and out with each normal breath
50
What happens to tidal volume during exercise?
Increases
51
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
Maximum volume available for breathing in
52
What happens to the IRV during exercise?
Decreases due to tidal volume increasing
53
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
Maximum volume available for breathing out
54
What happens to the ERV during exercise?
Decreases due to tidal volume increasing
55
What is residual volume (RV)?
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal breath out
56
What is vital capacity (VC)?
The max volume of air you can breathe in and out - IRV + Tidal Volume + ERV
57
What is the total lung capacity (TLC)?
The complete volume of air the lungs hold - IRV + Tidal Volume + ERV + RV
58
What is minute ventilation (Ve)?
The amount of air breathed per minute - Ve = Tidal volume x breathing rate
59
What is the resting Ve normally?
5-8L/min
60
What happens to Ve during exercise?
Increase up to 130-180L/min
61
How does an activity-appropriate warm-up help before a competition?
Helps activation of specific muscle fibres and the nerves that control them
62
What is the Cardiac Control Centre a part of?
Autonomic Nervous System
63
What are the two components of the ANS (not the CCC)?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
64
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Increase HR
65
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Decrease HR
66
Where is the CCC found?
Medulla Oblongata (in the brain)
67
What are the three control mechanisms that regulate HR?
Neural control Hormonal control Intrinsic control
68
What happens in the neural control of heart rate?
Chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors and thermoreceptors detect changes in the blood
69
What do chemoreceptors detect?
Changes in blood pH levels
70
Where are chemoreceptors found?
In the carotid arteries and the aortic arch
71
How do chemoreceptors cause an increase in HR?
Increased lactic acid and CO2 is detected by chemoreceptors Info sent to the CCC which increases HR
72
Where are baroreceptors found?
Walls of the aorta, vena cava and carotid arteries
73
What do baroreceptors detect?
Changes in blood pressure
74
Where are proprioceptors found?
Sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints
75
What do proprioceptors detect?
Changes in movement and body position
76
How do proprioceptors increase HR?
Start of exercise - detect increase in muscle movement Send info to the sympathetic nervous system which increases firing of the SAN
77
What do thermoreceptors detect?
Changes in body temp
78
How do thermoreceptors cause an increase in HR?
Body temp change detected Sent to CCC Stimulate SAN to increase HR
79
How does hormonal control change heart rate during exercise?
Sympathetic nerve causes adrenaline and noradrenaline to be released from adrenal gland Message sent via accelerator nerve to SAN Increase stroke volume and heart rate Cardiac output increases
80
How does hormonal control change heart rate after exercise?
Acetylcholine released Parasympathetic nervous system stimulated Message sent by vagus nerve to the SAN HR decreases
81
What are the three methods of intrinsic control?
Venous return Starlings law Sodium potassium balance
82
How does increased venous return result in increased HR?
More blood returning to right atrium during exercise Increased pressure Increases HR
83
How does Starlings law result in increased HR?
Venous return increases with exercise Cardiac muscle fibres stretched Greater force of contraction (stroke volume) and increased cardiac output
84
How is breathing rate controlled?
Accumulation of CO2 acts as a poison Body increases minute ventilation which is controlled by the Respiratory Control Centre (RCC) via the phrenic nerve Chemoreceptors and stretch receptors in the lungs monitor Ve and CO2
85
What are the short term responses to exercise?
Increased CO2 production Increased movement Increased body temp Increased HR Increased minute ventilation Vascular shunting and increased BP Increased speed of nerve contraction Increased venous return
86
What are the two different types of injury that can occur through sport?
Traumatic injuries Overuse injuries
87
What are some examples of traumatic sports injuries?
Bruise Strain Sprain Wound Fracture Head injury Spinal cord injury Cramp
88
What is a bruise?
Damage to blood vessels causing bleeding within the tissues
89
What is a strain?
Trauma to muscle due to tearing of muscle fibres
90
What is a sprain?
Over stretched ligament
91
What is a wound?
Abrasion or puncture of the skin
92
What is a fracture?
Break in bone
93
What is a head injury?
Concussion or serious brain damage
94
What is a spinal cord injury?
Damage to CNS or spine
95
What is a cramp?
Strong, involuntary muscle contraction
96
What are some examples of overuse injuries?
Tendinopathy Compartment syndrome Shin splints Bursitis Stress fracture
97
What is tendinopathy?
Inflammation of tendons
98
What is compartment syndrome?
Pressure within muscle building to dangerous levels - blood flow to cells decreases, preventing oxygen and nutrient delivery
99
What is shin splints?
Pain along the inner edge of tibia
100
What is bursitis?
Inflammation and swelling of a bursa
101
What is a stress fracture?
Small crack in a bone or severe bruising within a bone
102
What are 8 predictors of injury?
Muscle weakness Muscle imbalance Muscle stiffness Overtraining Biomechanical issues Environment Equipment Etiquette
103
What is an example of muscle weakness?
Ankle sprain due to joint laxity
104
What is an example of muscle imbalance?
Sprinters often tear hamstrings as weaker than their quads
105
What is an example of muscle stiffness?
Lack of flexibility in erector spinae to perform hyperextension
106
What is an example of overtraining?
Stress fracture
107
What is an example of biomechanical issues?
Flat footed when running
108
What is an example of environment being a risk factor?
Waterlogged pitch leading to slip and sprain
109
What is an example of equipment being a risk factor?
Failing to wear a helmet when cycling
110
What is an example of etiquette being a risk factor?
Eye-gouging
111
What are some preventive measures to avoid injury?
Completing a PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire) Strength and conditioning Sufficient rest Warm up and cool down Physiotherapy and massage Protective equipment Follow the rules and listen to officials
112
What are the 7 stages of injury management?
1 - First aid 2 - Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (PRICE) 3 - Early management 4 - Maintain CV fitness whilst resting 5 - Rehabilitation - mobility and strength 6 - Rehabilitation - technique specific training 7 - Rehabilitation - gradual return to competition
113
What are the different injury management techniques?
Ice baths Hypoxic tents Sports massage Electrotherapy Kinesio taping
114
What happens in electrotherapy?
Ultrasound, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, laser therapy and muscle stimulation

PE (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions