SAS - Booklet 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three stages of public schools development in sport?
A
- Boy culture, bullying, brutality
- Dr Arnold, social control
- Athleticism, spread of team games
2
Q
In pre-industrial sport, when did peasants do their recreational activities?
A
Annual festivals, fairs and holidays (Christian)
3
Q
In pre-industrial sport what sports did the gentlemen play?
A
Hunting, real tennis, dancing
4
Q
What are the characteristics of popular recreation for peasants?
A
Occasional - busy working
Unwritten rules - cannot read
Physical force not skill - no time to practise
Violent - fun, entertaining, SPORT REFLECTS SOCIETY
Lower class - couldn’t play upper class sports
Local - no money to travel
Limited equipment - no money and no time
5
Q
What were the main characteristics of public schools?
A
Boarding to allow time for recreational activities, boys from different regions, harsh treatment to prepare for future life
6
Q
What were public schools like before Dr Thomas Arnold arrived?
A
Boys gambling, hunting, smoking, hierachy, bullying, violent, distilling liquor and guns
7
Q
What was Dr Thomas Arnolds vision for the school?
A
Muscular Christianity - believed sport could promote positive values such as leadership and teamwork. Christian love and sympathy. Always a master at the school.
8
Q
What is athleticism?
A
Physical endeavour and moral integrity
9
Q
What did Dr Arnold create to encourage belonging and healthy competition?
A
The house system (competition between students at the school)
10
Q
What did the students create when they went to university?
A
The melting pot of ideas
11
Q
When and why was the FA set up?
A
1863 - one version had to be developed so rules could be set
12
Q
Why were the working class originally banned from participating by many NGB’s?
A
Maintain control of sport, keep it about fair play not winning, prevent social mixing and corruption, didn’t want to lose to the professionals (lower class)
13
Q
Why did an industrial society originally have a negative impact on sport?
A
No time to play - 72hr week, church on Sunday, less holidays
No money for leisure
Lack of space due to poorly planned towns
Lack of public provision
14
Q
Why did sport and spectatorism then improve after the initial drop in the industrial era?
A
Equipment could be built
New sports like tennis emerged
Transport improved
More literate society
Aquatic sports encouraged if lived near bodies of water Factory/church teams
Newspapers could spread awareness
Saturday half-day act
More disposable income
15
Q
How did sport spread throughout society and the world?
A
Church missionaries, army, industry owners, teachers, politicians, diplomats travelling the world and taking sport with them.
Provided facilities, reduced working hours out of concern of welfare of the poor
16
Q
What are the values of amateurism?
A
Manliness, physical endeavour, following rules and moral integrity. Not paid. Had high social status
17
Q
Why did the working class struggle to play in the 1800s?
A
Needed time off work to play - had to be paid. Broken-time payments.
18
Q
Who were amateurs and what did they believe in?
A
Were the organisers of sport (NGBs). Play for love of the game and believed in fair play and sportsmanship. Had a high social status. Were originally the best players and would’ve played a variety of sports
19
Q
Who were the professionals?
A
Working class who needed to be paid. Low status in society and sport
20
Q
Who was the first cricketing ‘celebrity’ and what made him special?
A
W.G. Grace. Was a shamateur, pretended to play for love of the game but got payed a lot (£20000 = £2-3million nowadays)
Got £3000 to go on tour
21
Q
Why was Much Wenlock significant?
A
1850 - wide range of track and field events
Dr William Penny Brookes - created Wenlock Olympic Society as a way to improve body and mind. Prizes every year. Had an opening ceremony
22
Q
Why did William Penny Brookes create the Wenlock games?
A
Promote morals
Promote good physical wellbeing
Promote intellectual improvements
Mostly for lower class
23
Q
What are the principles of the modern Olympic Games?
A
Fair play, sportsmanship, friendship, unity, education
24
Q
Who establish the first International Olympic Committee?
A
Pierre de Coubertin
25
When were the first Olympic Games played?
1896
26
What is the Olympic Ideal based on?
Personal excellence, sport as education, cultural exchange, fair play, international understanding and mass participation
27
What were some of the professional athlete controversies that resulted from the Olympic Games?
Olympics were meant to be amateur, but Germany and Russia pioneered the idea of state sponsored 'full time amateur athlete'.
28
How was money raised by the Olympics organising committee in 1896?
Ticket sales
Commemorative medals
Programme advertising
Private donations
29
What is the definition of the modern day professional?
A person who is contracted to perform for money and a means of living
30
What is the definition of the modern day amateur?
Takes part predominately for intrinsic (pleasure) reasons and is not dependent on sport for a living
31
What is the Lombardian Ethic?
The win at all costs mentality e.g. if it doesn't matter who wins or loses then why do they keep score
32
How did the Lombardian Ethic develop in America?
American collegiate system and scholarships meant that winning became more important.
33
What is the benefit of sport to culture and society?
Offers national identity
Shape values and morals
Breakdown social barriers, stereotypes and prejudices
Enhance quality of life
Reduce medical costs
Increase productivity
34
What is the definition of culture?
The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs of a particular group of people
35
What is the definition of society?
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
36
How are society and sport similar?
Sport reflects society
37
What is socialisation?
The way humans adjust to their culture by which they become participating members of society
38
When does primary socialisation occur?
In the early years, primarily from family
39
When does secondary socialisation occur?
During later years and could be influence of friends/school
40
What is a social institution?
A group of people who have come together for a common purpose
41
How do governments use sport?
As means of social control
As a mechanism of socialisation
As a form of national identity
Promotion of societal and cultural values
42
How do governments use sport as a means of social control?
Help keep people out of trouble e.g. midnight basketball
Help people learn about abiding rules
43
Why do governments use sport as a mechanism of socialisation?
Helps us learn about the norms and values of society
44
How do governments use sport as a form of national identity?
If country competes in an international tournament the country comes together
Help promote that identity abroad
45
How does the government use sport to promote social and cultural values?
Respect for authority
Conforming to rules
Competition
46
What is the role of sport in British culture?
Respect for authority
Conforming to rules and regulations
Importance of competitions
Health promotion (aid NHS)
Social integration
Economic purposes
47
Why would governments want to promote sport?
Health promotion
Economic purposes (boosting tourism) - hosting world-class events will lead to increased sponsorship
Social integration - will break down barriers
48
How can sport be used as a political tool?
The promotion of health, economic purposes, social control and social integration
49
When has sport been used for propaganda?
Hitler - Olympics, demonstrate Aryan superiority, forced athletes to take drugs
50
When has sport been used for protest?
Black power salute by John Carlos and Tommie Smith in Mexico City Olympics.
Peter Norman (silver medallist) wore a human rights badge
1972 - Munich - 8 Palestinian terrorists killed 9 Israeli athletes because they wanted the release of 200 prisoners from Israeli jails
51
When has sport been boycotted?
1980 - USA boycott Moscow Olympics in protest about Afghanistan invasion
1984 - USSR boycott Olympics in USA claiming security risks
52
What is social differentiation?
The way in which groups separate themselves either through appearance or behaviour
53
What is social stratification?
A type of social inequality where the society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic e.g. wealth or status
54
What is the definition of social issues?
Problems that affect many people within a society
55
What is the definition of inequality?
The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are unevenly distributed within a society
56
What might inequality be based off of?
Gender
Class
Race
Disability
57
What might cause inequalities to develop?
Lack of money/cost of participation
Lack of confidence
Lack of role models
58
What is the definition of social capital?
The effective functioning of social groups through interpersonal relationships, a shared sense of identity, a shared understanding, shared norms, values, trust, cooperation and reciprocity
59
What barriers may there be to participating in sport?
Lack of money
Lack of free time
Norms and stereotypes e.g. men shouldn't dance
Lack of clubs
Poor PE experiences
60
From top to bottom, what are the four levels of the performance pyramid?
Excellence
Performance
Participation
Foundation
61
Which levels of the performance pyramid is Sport England trying to increase participation of?
Participation and foundation (bottom two level)
62
In relation to the performance pyramid, what is excellence?
Competing at national/international level
63
In relation to the performance pyramid, what is performance?
Competing for country or region - shows dedication and commitment
64
In relation to the performance pyramid, what is participation?
Regular involvement at a basic level of skill/choice/commitment
65
In relation to the performance pyramid, what is foundation?
First introduction to an activity/sport
66
What target groups are there in sport?
Lower socioeconomic groups
Women
Ethnic minorities
Disabled people
67
What is the definition of equality of opportunities?
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capability
68
What is the definition of inclusiveness?
A recognition of the diverse needs of individuals and ensuring they have equality of opportunity
69
What is the definition of stereotyping?
A standardised or generalised image - making simple generalisations about all members of a group
70
What is the definition of prejudice?
Having an opinion or attitude based upon inadequate facts or inaccurate stereotypical views
71
What is the definition of discrimination?
To give unfair treatment often due to prejudice
72
What are the two types of discrimination?
Overt
Covert
73
What is covert discrimination?
Hidden attitudes e.g. black managers, female referees, poor people horse riding
74
What is overt discrimination?
Rules/laws passed to prevent this e.g. The Equality Act (2010)
Men and women not playing together in sport
75
What are the three barriers minority groups can face in sport?
Lack of opportunity
Lack of provision
Lack of esteem
76
What is the role of Sport England in bringing about equality to opportunities and provision in sport?
Priority funding
Sport equity targets
Advertise and promote schemes
Doorstep clubs (funding for clubs within areas of high deprivation)
Sport development officers in local areas
77
What is the role of NGB's in bringing about equality to opportunities and provision in sport?
Whole sport plans (identify help and resources needed)
Policies linking to specific target groups
Promote role models from all backgrounds/classes
Check that facilities are accessible, affordable and attractive
78
What is the definition of social class?
A term used to define social inequalities
79
What may influence which class people perceive you to be in?
A person's job
Family background
Education
Income
80
What is the definition of social mobility?
Movement of individuals up or down the social class structure
81
What is the definition of a socio-economic group?
A classification that groups people together with similar and economic status
82
What changes happened in the 20th century in relation to social mobility?
Movement of individuals up or down the social class structure
83
What is the definition of sexism?
The belief that one sex is inferior to the other and is most often directed towards women
84
What is This Girl Can?
Scheme to increase women's participation in physical activities
85
What is the definition of a person with a disability?
Someone who has a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on their ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities
86
What is the definition of integration?
Incorporating individuals into mainstream society
87
What is the definition of inclusiveness?
Including all kinds of people/everyone within an activity or group/policies
88
What are the five different activities on the inclusion spectrum?
Open
Modified
Parallel
Disabled sport
Separate
89
According to the inclusion spectrum, what is an open activity?
Everyone doing the same thing without adaption or modification
90
According to the inclusion spectrum, what is a modified activity?
Everyone doing the same task, but with changes to rules, area or equipment
91
According to the inclusion spectrum, what is a parallel activity?
Everyone plays the same game, but different groups play the game in different ways and at different levels
92
According to the inclusion spectrum, what is a disability sport activity?
'Reverse integration'. Non-disabled people taking part in disability sport activities
93
According to the inclusion spectrum, what is a separate activity?
A group of people playing separately e.g. preparing for a disabled sport event
94
What is the definition of racism?
A set of ideas or beliefs based on the assumption that races have distinct characteristics determined by hereditary factors making some races superior and others inferior
95
What does BAME stand for?
Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic groups
96
What is the definition of channeling?
The encouragement of some BAME participants towards sports rather than academia
97
What is the definition of stacking?
Disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain sports and positions within sport
98
What is the definition of centrality?
Being close to/part of important decision making. The dominant group in society does the dominant role in a team or sport e.g. Few black NFL quarterbacks and few black goalkeepers
99
What are some facts and figures about obesity in sport and health?
20% of year 6 children classified as obese (prevalence twice as high in most depraved compared to least depraved areas)
711,000 hospital admissions where obesity was a factor
100
How does change4life aim to improve health for children?
Recipes
Activities
Sugar calculator
Food swaps
Mental health tips
Food facts
101
What is sportivate?
Lottery funded national programme for 14-25 year olds
Build confidence and self-esteem
Sport England - links to NGB's
102
What health and participation schemes have been made to help sporting activity increase?
Sportivate
Bikeability
Barclays spaces for sport
Change4life
103
What is the role of National Governing Bodies?`
Administer rules of the sport
Enforce rules
Deal with discipline
Run competitions
Train future coaches and referees
Increase participation
Promote sport
Attract funding
Provide high quality coaches and facilities
104
What is the role of UK sport?
High performance sports agency which invests in Olympic and Paralympic sports - distribute the money
Aim to lead sport in the UK to world class success
Accountable to the department for digital, culture, media and sport
105
What are the three levels of the world class performance pathway?
Performance foundations (world class talent)
World class podium potential (world class development)
World class podium
106
Who is the world class performance pathway run by?
UK sport
107
What is performance foundations (world class talent) in relation to the world class performance pathway?
Talent first identified
Have ability to progress to potential within 1-4 years
108
What is world class podium potential (world class development) in relation to the world class performance pathway?
Athletes who have demonstrated realistic medal winning capabilities for future Olympics/Paralympics. Usually 4-6 years away from the podium
109
What is world class podium in relation to the world class performance pathway?
Realistic medal winning capabilities at Olympic and Paralympic games. Typically max of 4 years away from the podium
110
What are the priorities of Sport England?
Increase activity
Tackle inequalities for women and lower socio-economic groups
Decrease inactivity
Volunteering
Talent
Young people
111
Which campaigns does Sport England run?
This Girl Can
We Are Undefeatable - inspire activity for those with long-term health conditions
Join the Movement - inspire activity though at home more
112
How does Sport England receive funding?
Lottery funding
113
What is Sport England's slogan?
Building an Active Nation
114
What are the principle roles of the British Olympic Association?
Prepare and lead teams for all the Olympic Games
Promote and protect the Olympic movement and promote Olympic values
115
How does the British Olympic Association receive funding?
It doesn't
116
How does the British Olympic Association make it's money?
Funding
Events
Merchandise
117
What is the Sport and Recreation Alliance?
Voice of sport and recreation sector to government
Want to see an active nation
118
What is the Youth Sports Trust?
Independent charity devoted to changing young peoples lives through sport
119
What are the objectives of the Youth Sports Trust?
Transforming physical education
Removing barriers to sport
Unlocking children’s potential
Empowering young people to be local activists
Research into the impact of physical activity and PE
120
Which schemes do Youth Sports Trust run?
TOP sportsability
School games
Inclusion 2020
Healthy Lifestyle Champions
HSBC UK Ready Set Ride
121
What are the four stages of the sports development pyramid from bottom to top?
Foundation - Participation - Performance - Elite
122
In relation to the sports development pyramid, what is the foundation level?
No commitment, introduction to the activity, school PE, recreational play
123
In relation to the sports development pyramid, what is the participation level?
More regular, play for club or school, more commitment
124
In relation to the sports development pyramid, what is the performance level?
County/regional level, striving to fulfil potential
125
In relation to the sports development pyramid, what is the elite level?
National or international level, almost full-time
126
How can development be accelerated through the stages of the pyramid?
Funding
Structured talent identification
Structured competition
Well-qualified coaches
Support services for athletes
Use of role models
127
What factors can effect participation?
Family and friends
Education
Tradition
Age
Provision
Media
Finance
Body image
Disability
128
What is the definition of talent identification?
Process by which children are encouraged to participate in the sports at which they are most likely to succeed
129
What is talent transfer?
Taking ability in one sport and transferring it to another
130
What is talent confirmation?
Once identified as talent, athletes are immersed in the sport and now have their progress tracked
131
Which features need to be included when developing an effective talent identification programme?
Physiological/psychological testing
Skills testing
Sports development officers
Co-ordinated policies
Effective coaching development
Structured levels of competition
Sponsorship of scheme
Selection opportunities
Development squads
Links with UK sport
132
What are the different phases of a talent identification programme?
Fitness testing
Skill-based testing
Functional movement screening
Medical screening
Behaviour and psych assessment
Performance lifestyle (assess suitability within a competitive sports environment)
133
Who is involved in talent identification in the UK?
UK sport
NGB's
Clubs
Schools
134
What are some talent identification programmes in the UK?
Fighting Chance
Tall and Talented
Pitch 2 Podium
Girls 4 Gold
135
What is Project Swapshop?
Swap athletes from one sport to another
136
What are the advantages of Project Swapshop?
Time to reach high level reduced
Focus on the best (time used well)
Increase self confidence
Good use of funding
137
What are the disadvantages of Project Swapshop?
Expensive
No guarantee of success
May miss late developers
138
How is funding allocated in sport?
The more medals a sport is likely to get at the next Olympics results in more money given
139
What are the strengths of allocating funding to the sports with the most medal chances?
Rise up medal table
Boost national pride and moral
Economic benefits (shop window effect)
More media exposure
Health benefits - less strain on NHS
140
What are the weaknesses of allocating funding to the sports with the most medal chances?
Funding for minority sports is cut
Less participation rise in these sports
Problems of poor role models and deviance
141
What does the National Curriculum PE aim to achieve?
Perform range of activities
Plan, perform, evaluate
Discover abilities
Physical skillfulness, confidence and competence
142
What are the six classifications of the range of activities created by the NCPE?
Games
Athletic activities
Swimming
Gymnastics
Dance
Outdoor and adventurous activities (OAA)
143
Which sectors are in the tripartite approach?
Public
Private
Voluntary
144
What are the characteristics of the public sector?
Overseen by government but run by local authorities
Charging set prices
May be subsidised
Managed by private companies
Less equipped facilities
Less expensive
Facilities open to all
145
What are the aims of the public sector?
Increased health and fitness
Increase social control and reduce crime
Regenerate areas
Increase social integration
146
What are the characteristics of the private sector?
Privately owned, registered companies
Self-financed - want a profit
Managed by owners and employees
Better service and facilities
Membership fees
More exclusive and more expensive
147
What are the aims of the private sector?
Make profit
Increase membership numbers
Provide exclusive, high quality service for members
148
What are the characteristics of the voluntary sector?
Run by members
Financed by members fees, fundraising and sponsorship
Run on a trust or charity basis
149
What are the aims of the voluntary sector?
Provide access for grass roots sports participation
Increase club membership and performance level
Provide opportunities to meet those with similar interests
Seek funding to develop facilities
150
What are the advantages of the public sector?
For community
Good access
Resources from taxes
Act in public interest
151
What are the disadvantages of the public sector?
Funds may not be enough
Deprived areas may not be able to afford it
152
What are the advantages of the private sector?
Meet individual needs
Restricted memberships so comfortable
153
What are the disadvantages of the private sector?
High costs
154
What are the advantages of the voluntary sector?
Low costs
Range of activities
155
What are the disadvantages of the voluntary sector?
Unplanned
Uncontrolled
Continuity not guaranteed
