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SAS - Booklet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is fair play?

A

Fair competition, respect for written and unwritten rules. Can be learnt on and off the field

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2
Q

What is sportsmanship?

A

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of the sport. E.g. shaking hands, forming a tunnel in rugby

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3
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

Bending the written rules to gain an advantage. E.g. toilet breaks in tennis, time wasting in football

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4
Q

Why is fair play and sportsmanship important in sport?

A

Ensures sport is enjoyable, provides role models, attracts sponsorship, provide sport with moral and ethical values

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5
Q

Why has gamesmanship increased?

A

Win at all costs - Lombardian ethic, sponsorship dependent on success, high pressure, financial rewards and celebrity status

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6
Q

What impact can gamesmanship have on sport?

A

Tension, violence, negative role models, devalued sport, bad reps leading to decreased participation and lost sponsorship

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7
Q

What are the 4 dimensions of the sports ethic?

A
  1. Sacrifices
  2. Striving for excellence
  3. Playing through pain
  4. No limits of possibilities
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8
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behavior that is outside the norms and values of society

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9
Q

What is relative deviance?

A

When actions are acceptable in sport but not in society. E.g. boxing

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10
Q

What is absolute deviance?

A

When actions are wrong in all circumstances. E.g. drug use

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11
Q

Who came up with the normal distribution approach to deviance?

A

Coakley

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12
Q

What is negative deviance/under conformity?

A

When a person behaves in a way that knowingly breaks the rules of the sport to gain an advantage. E.g. match fixing, violence, drug taking

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13
Q

What is positive deviance/over conformity?

A

Moving away from the norm without an intention to do harm or break the rules and are in an attempt to win. E.g. playing whilst injured, overtraining

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14
Q

What is aggression?

A

The intention to harm another human either verbally or mentally

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15
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

Committed in response to a perceived threat or insult

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16
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

Committed without provocation to obtain an outcome or coerce others

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17
Q

What are some reasons for on-field violence?

A

Temperature, fatigue, embarrassment, frustration, over-arousal, pressure, passionate crowd

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18
Q

What strategies are used to deter on-field violence?

A

Video technology, punishments, more authority for officials, promote positive role models, teach players to walk away, arousal lowering techniques

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19
Q

What is hooliganism?

A

Aggressive, anti-social behavior by people within a crowd of spectators. Often violent

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20
Q

What are some types of hooliganism?

A

Fighting, chanting, rioting, vandalism, match interference, social media abuse

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21
Q

What are some reasons for hooliganism?

A

Alcohol, thrill seeking, international rivalry, release in form of aggressive behaviour, expression of masculinity

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22
Q

Why is there very little off-field violence/hooliganism at the Olympics?

A

Only once every four years, Olympic ideal, multi sport competition, less intense rivalry as many countries, family orientated

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23
Q

What are the consequences of off-field violence/hooliganism?

A

Damage reputation (country club), bans and fines, negative role models, play behind closed doors, less spectators, all supporters treated as hooligans, damage to property

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24
Q

What strategies are employed to reduce off-field violence/hooliganism?

A

Control/ban alcohol, CCTV, fan segregation, mid day kick offs to reduce alcohol consumption, more policing, bans/fines/prison, all seater stadiums

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25
What is doping in sport?
The use of or distribution of any substance which could artificially improve the athletes performance by increasing their mental and/or physical condition
26
What is an ergogenic aid?
Any substance which enhances sports performance - legal or illegal
27
What are examples of legal ergogenic aids?
Caffeine Creatine Protein e.g. whey and casein Isotonic drinks
28
What are examples of illegal ergogenic aids?
Steroids - train longer and harder, recover quicker Beta blockers - slow HR Human growth hormones - build muscle EPO (erythropoietin) - stimulate RBC production Stimulants - Increase alertness, decrease fatigue Diuretics - remove fluid and mask other drugs Narcotic analgesics - mask pain Blood doping
29
Why are drugs banned?
Health risks Negative role models Encourages more athletes to take drugs Immoral Against what majority of society believe (Coakley) Demonstrate Lombardian Ethic as acceptable
30
What are the reasons for using PEDs?
To improve performance Medical need Sponsorship Reputation Make money Prevent injury Become a role model Pressure from country/coaches/sport
31
What is TUE in relation to drugs?
Therapeutic Use Exemption. Ensure athletes can be treated with prohibited methods without being sanctioned
32
Which organisations are trying to fight against drug use?
UKAD (UK Anti-Doping) - help athletes understand and follow the rules NADO (National Anti-Doping Organisations) WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency)
33
What makes a substance illegal in the eyes of WADA?
Has two of the three criteria: Enhance performance Threat to athlete health Violate spirit of sport
34
How do Anti-Doping Organisations find, punish and prevent PED use?
Provide procedures and suitable labs to test drugs Punishments if PEDs used Educate young performers Make sure performers know what is and isn't allowed
35
How are athletes chosen for in-competition testing?
Either at random or due to a notable performance
36
How are athletes chosen for out-of-competition training?
Anytime, anywhere with no notice. If in selected registered testing pool your whereabouts is needed at all time
37
What would happen if an athlete missed a drug test?
Get a strike from NADO. 3 strikes in an 18 month period leads to 1-2 year suspension
38
What are the two ways drug testing organisations can figure out if people are using PEDs?
Lab tests Biological Passports
39
How are lab tests carried out when looking for traces of PEDs?
Mass spectrometry - urine sample exposed to beam of electrons which exposes the substances in the sample. However some by-products of doping too small to tell Urine/blood samples supplied with an official present. A and B bottles. A tested and B stored. If A positive then B will be analysed.
40
Where do drug tests take place?
Accredited Labs - 34 at the moment
41
What are some issues with lab testing for PEDs?
Some substances too small to be detected Accredited labs need to be monitored e.g. Russia didn't allow WADA in Drug testing expensive and not all countries have the resources Believed that each new drug is 10yrs ahead of the test to detect it
42
What is a biological passport?
The Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) monitors selected biological variables over time to reveal the effects of doping
43
What are the positives of biological passports?
Testers don't need a positive test, they just wait for a change in biological variables Stopped blatant use of EPO and doping
44
What are some issues with biological passports?
Some athletes upset as believe being too closely monitored so refuse to participate and get banned Some data misinterpreted leading to false positive results Little consolidation to athletes who came second if first place found guilty 2 years later
45
How can performers be deterred from using PEDs?
Bans Strip athletes of medals Random/out of season testing Educate performers Strong anti-doping culture Biological passports Positive/negative role models - name and shame More funding for anti-doping
46
What reasons suggest that doping should be allowed in sport?
Everyone is doing it - level playing field Athletes free choice Legal ergogenic aids already used Money spent elsewhere Not all sports have budget Some athletes took PEDs unknowingly Unfairly found guilty Expensive Limited number of facilities - WADA can't keep up
47
What reasons suggest that doping should not be allowed in sport?
Uphold sport traditions Cheats are caught so competition is equal No advantages Cost shared by all sports Harmful to health Poor example to young performers No longer true ability of athletes being tested
48
What are the five functions of the media?
Inform Educate Entertain Interpret Advertise
49
What is the golden triangle?
Sport, media and sponsorship have a symbiotic relationship
50
What are the different forms of media?
Newspapers Radio Internet Television Social media
51
What are the advantages of newspapers?
Cheap and accessible Provide detailed analysis Local papers often report on minority/local sports
52
What are the advantages of the radio?
Cheap and accessible Allow fan interaction Can cover minority events that may not get TV coverage
53
What are the advantages of the internet?
Cover minority sports Interactions with fans and players Wide range of sport Easy access
54
What are the advantages of television?
Provide role models Shows big events Lots of build up and analysis Social event
55
What are the advantages of social media?
Fans part of the action Allow fan and player interactions More commercial opportunity Interaction at live events Promote sport Become role models More sponsorship and more commercialisation
56
What are the disadvantages of social media?
Arrange hooliganism Discriminatory comments online Issues for players who posted things in the past e.g. Ollie Robinson (cricketer)
57
What makes sport appealing the the mass media?
Offers excitement Fast paced Have breaks for ads Large fanbase Global appeal Well known players Reasonable time scale Uncomplicated rule structure
58
What has increased media coverage/involvement in sport resulted in?
Rise of televised sport Creation of sporting celebrities and role models Changes to sport to suit the media
59
What are the positives of increased televised sport?
More money into sport Promotion of minority sports Increase participation Promotion of minority role models Development of different version of sport e.g. rugby 7s, the hundred
60
What are the negatives of increased televised sport?
Less live attendance - less atmosphere Increased costs to watch Lesser know sports get less coverage Fewer role models in lesser known sports leads to less participation Tensions between crowds Pressure on athlete Increased deviance due to money involved
61
What are the positives of more role models/celebrity stars due to media?
Positive behaviour is imitated Participation increases - more elite athletes coming through the Sports Development Pyramid Reputation of player and sport increase (more sponsorship)
62
What are the negatives of more role models/celebrity stars due to media?
Poor behaviour seen as the norm and is copied Reputation of sport and player damaged (sponsorship withdrawn) Players may not want to be a role model Pressure as always in the spotlight
63
What changes to sport have happened in order to suit the media?
Timings e.g. World Cup Games in Brazil suited for Europe Format e.g. breaks in NFL for ads Rules e.g. 24 second shot clock in basketball to speed games up Clothing e.g. female volleyball players in bikinis
64
What are the positives of the changes to sport to suit the media?
More exciting More interest in sports Leads to more sponsorship
65
What are the negatives of the changes to sport to suit the media?
Performers suffer Unfair for non European viewers NFL format may lose viewers as breaks to long New rules means harder to learn for beginners Reduced tradition of sport Females may feel sexploited
66
How can the media perpetuate stereotypes and dramatize sport?
Sensationalising sporting contests Through sexploitation Creating national pride
67
What are examples of sport being used as an avenue for perpetuating stereotypes?
Black people can't swim Females cannot throw Black people run faster All cyclists take PED's Female sportspeople are all lesbians
68
How might the media reinforce stereotypes?
Females who are strong are deemed masculine Females don't know the offside rule - Andy Gray Highlight when a black swimmer does well as it's so 'unusual' Focus on female physical attributes not sporting performance
69
How does the media hype up sports coverage?
Sheer numbers of articles/adverts Hyperbole Focus on records/stats/history e.g. Lamine Yamal youngest player to play in World Cup final Animated presenting Highlight poor tackles and behaviour on and off the pitch Highlight good behaviour and role model status of athletes
70
Why does the media hype up sports coverage?
Increase subscribers to pay-per-view events Attract more viewers Sell more newspapers Attract more subscribers to online forums
71
What is sexploitation?
Forms of marketing, promoting or attempting to gain media coverage which focuses attention on the sexual attributes of female athletes particularly the visibility of their bodies rather than the qualities that define her as an athlete
72
Why does sexploitation occur?
In order to gain more media coverage and sponsorship
73
What are the problems with sexploitation?
Excludes those who don't have the 'right' body type Pressure on female athletes to look a certain way Pressure on girls in society to emulate their role models Reduce sponsorship for those who don't 'conform' Turn girls off sport Leave women open to sexual harassment
74
What are the advantages of creating national pride?
Good feeling among the country (London 2012 Olympics) Increase participation and interest in sport
75
What are the disadvantages of creating national pride?
Potential for hooliganism Depending on the coverage - potential for xenophobia

PE (12 decks)

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