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PE > EP - Booklet 2 (2) > Flashcards

EP - Booklet 2 (2) Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is linear motion?

A

The movement of an object or body occurring in a straight line when a force acts upon it e.g. sprinting 100m

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2
Q

How do scientists analyse linear motion?

A

Look at changes in forces, distances, velocities and the effect on performance

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3
Q

How is a scalar quantity described?

A

Magnitude

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4
Q

How is a vector quantity described?

A

Magnitude and direction

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5
Q

What is momentum?

A

The amount of motion a body possesses

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6
Q

What is the equation to work out momentum?

A

Momentum = mass x velocity

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7
Q

What is impulse?

A

The length of time a force is applied to an object or body

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8
Q

What is the equation to work out impulse?

A

Impulse= force x time

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9
Q

What is impulse equal to?

A

A change in momentum

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10
Q

What is impact?

A

A high force shock applied over a short period when two bodies collide

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11
Q

What are the different impulses that can occur?

A

Positive impulse
Net positive impulse
Zero impulse
Net negative impulse

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12
Q

What are some examples of scalars?

A

Distance
Mass
Speed

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13
Q

What are some examples of vectors?

A

Displacement
Weight
Velocity
Momentum
Impulse

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14
Q

What is speed?

A

The rate of change of distance (m/s or km/h)
How quickly a body moves

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15
Q

What is velocity?

A

The rate of change of displacement (+/- m/s or +/- km/h)
How quickly a body moves in a certain direction

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16
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The rate of change of velocity (m/s²)
How quickly a body speeds up or slows down

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17
Q

What is angular motion?

A

Movement around a fixed point or axis

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18
Q

When does angular motion occur?

A

When a force is applied outside the centre of mass

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19
Q

What is angular displacement?

A

The smallest change in angle between the starting and finishing point (radiums)
How far something has turned

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20
Q

What is angular velocity?

A

Rate of change of angular displacement (radiums/s)
How quickly something spins

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21
Q

What is angular acceleration?

A

Rate of change of angular velocity (radiums/s²)
How quickly something gets spinning or slows spinning

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22
Q

What is moment of inertia?

A

Resistance of a body to angular motion (kg/m²)

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23
Q

What does moment of inertia depend on?

A

Mass of body e.g. medicine ball harder to roll compared to tennis ball
Distribution of mass around axis e.g. straight somersault has a high moment of inertia compared to a tucked somersault

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24
Q

How could an athlete increase their angular velocity?

A

Bring mass towards the axis of rotation by changing the shape of their body (tuck in)

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25
What is laminar flow?
Fluid layers move parallel to each other and do not cross Also known as streamlined flow
26
What is turbulent flow?
Irregular and rough movement Small whirlpool regions in fluid areas
27
What is the layer of fluid closest to the object called?
Boundary layer
28
Which factors affect fluid resistance?
Shape of the object (front cross-section and surface) Speed of the object Viscosity of the fluid
29
What is drag?
An increase in fluid resistance
30
How can drag forces be overcome?
Reduce cross-sectional area e.g. tucked when skiing Manipulate surface properties e.g. swimming caps Consider increased speed vs drag e.g. streamlining in water
31
What is the flight path of an object dependant on?
Mass of object and air resistance Velocity of release Angle of release Height of release
32
What is the general rule for projectiles?
The acceleration due to gravity will continuously act on the mass of the object until is reaches the ground
33
What is the curve called during the flight path of a shot?
Parabolic curve
33
What happens to the vertical force during the flight path of a shot?
Goes from positive to negative due to gravity
34
What happens to the horizontal force during the flight path of a shot?
Remains constant
35
How can an athlete influence the velocity of a release?
Train strength, power, speed and technique
36
What does the Bernoulli Principle refer to?
Changes in fluid (water and air) pressures due to differences in fluid velocity
37
What is the pressure and velocity like for air travelling a longer distance around an irregular shaped projectile?
Low pressure High velocity
38
What is the pressure and velocity like for air travelling a shorter distance around an irregular shaped projectile?
High pressure Low velocity
39
Does fluid moving at a high speed cause an increase or drop in pressure?
Drop
40
Does fluid moving at a low speed cause an increase or drop in pressure?
Increase
41
What is the Magnus Effect?
Changes in fluid (water and air) pressures due to differences in fluid velocity around a spinning object
42
How does the Magnus Effect cause on object to spin?
Side of the object that is spinning in the direction of the air results in a high velocity air flow and low pressure which causes a pressure differential e.g. curling the ball in football
43
How is topspin created?
Apply force above the centre of mass causing a forward rotation around the transverse axis
44
How is backspin created?
Applying force below the centre of mass causing a backwards rotation around the transverse axis
45
What technological developments have there been in equipment and clothing?
Cycle design Swimsuits Running shoes Adapted equipment for para-Olympians Football boot development
46
What is an example of equipment used for biomechanical analysis?
Dartfish 72% of medals at 2018 Winter Olympics won by Dartfish Video Solution users
47
What are some uses of GPS and motion tracking software?
Can be used in training or competition Track speed, distance and acceleration Measure G-forces, pace, recovery time and heart rate Can tell if a player is fatigued so can reduce risk of injury by subbing them, or giving them a rest
48
What are the benefits of using software and technology?
Makes sure training matches game/event demands Improve tactical awareness Can help select best performing players Help injured players rehab faster Improve safety e.g. helmet and gumshield impact sensors, F1 halo device
49
What are some arguments for everyone to use the same equipment?
More objective Reduce injury Margin gains from improved equipment Lots of quantative and qualitative data
50
What are some arguments against everyone using the same equipment?
Performance subjective for some performers Too much focus on data Ownership of performance Availability and cost
51
What is some technology used in cricket?
Umpire Decision Review System (DRS) Snickometer Hot spot
52
What is some technology used in tennis?
Challenge system Hawkeye
53
What are some issues with the challenge system in tennis?
Used to have a break after a long rally Disrupt an opponents momentum
54
What are some issues with VAR?
Doesn't always work Takes too long - less fan enjoyment and players get cold Not in the spirit of the game - removes traditions Undermine referee Inconsistency in use/application
55
What is some technology used for spectator enjoyment?
Slow motion replays Split screen 3D TV Hawkeye Instant replay Choice of camera angles for those at home Choice of matches/events Live timing screens for F1
56
What is mass?
Quantity of matter a body possesses (kg)
57
What is weight?
The force gravity exerts on a mass (N)
58
Which four biomechanical factors determine whether an athlete is able to remain in neutral equilibrium?
Height of centre of mass Position of line of gravity Area of support base Mass of performer
59
Does the height of centre of mass change during performance?
Yes
60
Does the position of line of gravity change during performance?
Yes
61
Does the area of support base change during performance?
Yes
62
Does the mass of performer change during performance?
No
63
What is the centre of mass?
The point of balance within a body
64
Does having a high centre of mass decrease or increase stability?
Decrease
65
What is the line of gravity?
The imaginary line extending vertically down from the centre of mass
66
When is stability best in relation to the line of gravity?
When the line of gravity is kept central over the base of support
67
What is the base of support?
How many contact points we have with the floor
68
How could stability be increased in relation to bases of support?
Larger area of the base of support, the more stable the position is
69
What is force?
Changes a body's state of motion (N)
70
What is inertia?
Resistance of a body to change it's state of motion
71
What happens as soon as an object or body overcomes it's inertia?
It has momentum
72
What is Newton's first law?
The law of inertia 'Every object in a state of motion tends to remain in that motion unless an external force acts upon it
73
Would an object with a bigger mass have a larger or smaller inertia than an object with less mass?
Larger
74
What is Newton's second law?
Law of acceleration 'The acceleration of an object of constant mass is directly proportional to the forces acting upon it'
75
What is the equation used to explain Newtons second law of motion?
Force = mass x acceleration
76
What is Newtons third law?
Law of reaction 'For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction'
77
What is the most common application of Newtons third law?
A persons body weight causing a Ground Reaction Force (GRF)

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