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SA - Booklet 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the processes in the basic model of information processing?

A

Input (senses) –> Decision making –> Output –> Feedback

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2
Q

What are the different inputs we can receive while playing sport?

A

Visual, auditory, proprioceptors (information from within the body) - touch, equilibrium, kinesthesis

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3
Q

What is the display for the performer?

A

The physical environment in which the learner is performing

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4
Q

What is selective attention used for?

A

Picking out and focussing on the most relevant parts of the display as the CNS cannot process all aspects of the environment

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5
Q

What adaptions may be made to the display to help cognitive performers select the right information?

A

Larger bat/ball, brightly coloured ball

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6
Q

What might performers in the cognitive stage have difficulty picking up?

A

Subtle clues, knowledge of what to pay attention to, issues being distracted by irrelevant stimuli

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7
Q

How could a coach aid selective attention?

A

Use mental rehearsal techniques, use of routines, use of cues for performer to focus on, make associations between stimuli and past experience

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8
Q

What is perception?

A

How the brain interprets and makes sense of the information transmitted by sense organs

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9
Q

What process forms perception?

A

DCR process

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10
Q

What does the DCR process stand for?

A

Detection (of stimuli)
Comparison (to previous experiences, STM<–>LTM)
Recognition (of stimuli to previous experiences)

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11
Q

What is the memory store relationship?

A

STSS -(via selective attention)-> STM <–> LTM

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12
Q

How long is information held in the STSS?

A

1 second

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13
Q

What happens if attention is not attended to in the STSS?

A

It is lost

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14
Q

What is the role of selective attention?

A

Filtering out relevant info from irrelevant info. If not attended to then is forgotten

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15
Q

How long can information be stored in STM?

A

18-30 secs

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16
Q

What is another way of saying STM?

A

Working memory/workspace

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17
Q

What is the capacity of the STM?

A

5-9 items, 7+/-2 items

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18
Q

How can the capacity of the STM be increased?

A

By chunking information

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19
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM?

A

Unlimited

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20
Q

What is the duration of the LTM?

A

Unlimited (until death)

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21
Q

What acronym can be used to remember factors that can effect memory retention in a sports setting?

A

CALORI

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22
Q

What does CALORI stand for?

A

Chunking
Avoid interference (similar info)
Link (between old and new info)
Organisation
Rehearsal
Imagery (‘mind picture’)

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23
Q

What methods can be used to enhance learning?

A

Avoid giving too much info
Make sure attention is paid
Emphasise key points
Encourage practise soon after demonstration
Repetition

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24
Q

What is the equation for response time?

A

Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time

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25
What is reaction time?
Time from onset of stimulus to start of response
26
What is movement time?
Time from start of response to completion of response
27
What is response time?
Time from onset of stimulus to completion of response
28
What are the two types of reaction time?
Simple Choice
29
What is simple reaction time?
One stimulus and one response
30
What is choice reaction time?
Either several stimuli requiring different responses or several stimuli requiring the same response
31
What does Hick's law suggest?
The more information available, the more choices available, and therefore an increased reaction time
32
What are the two types of anticipation?
Spatial Temporal
33
What is spatial anticipation?
Performer predicting WHAT their opponent will do and formulating a response in readiness
34
What is temporal anticipation?
Performing predicting WHEN their opponent will perform an action
35
What individual characteristics effect reaction time?
Age, gender, height, health, body temp, fatigue, personality, state of arousal and motivation
36
What task characteristics effect reaction time?
Intensity of stimulus (bright, loud, big), probability of stimulus occurring, the sense being used for detection
37
What factors affect reaction time and anticipation?
Implications - how many stimuli Previous experiences - motor programmes run automatically if reacted to same stimulus before Stimulus-response compatibility (if stimulus and response naturally fit together then reaction time will be quicker)
38
How would you improve response time?
Detecting the relevant cues Decision making (work on set pieces) Change in attentional focus (offence to defence) Controlling anxiety Creating optimum motivation Warm up
39
What is the single-channel hypothesis?
Brain can only deal with one stimulus at a time
40
What is the Psychological Refractory Period?
When a second stimulus closely follows a first then reaction time is slowed because of the increased information processing time needed
41
What is an example of the Psychological Refractory Period?
Stimulus 1 = dummy step right Response 1 = player mirrors and reacts left Stimulus 2 = Actual movement left (Psychological Refractory Period) Response 2 = player mirrors and reacts right
42
What is a motor programme?
A set of movements stored in the memory. Predetermined set of nerve impulses that controls the execution of each particular movement
43
What does a motor programme consist of?
A series of parts called subroutines
44
What is an executive motor programme?
A series of subroutines organised into a hierarchal structure e.g. overhead clear - position feet - point non-racket arm at shuttle - swing racket back - swing racket forward to strike shuttle - return to basic position
45
Where are motor programmes stored?
LTM
46
What does the Closed Loop Control Theory focus on?
Intrinsic feedback/errors detected and possible correction during performance
47
What does the Closed Loop Control Theory look like?
Movement control -> movement commands -> movement effectors -> feedback -> movement control e.g. windsurfing, kayaking, swimming, balance beam
48
What does the Open Loop Control Theory focus on?
All the information being sent as a single message not relying on feedback
49
What does the Open Loop Control Theory look like?
Movement control -> movement commands -> movement effectors e.g. Basketball set shot, rifle shooting, penalty kick
50
What does the schema theory suggest?
Both Open and Closed Loop Control Theory and motor programmes are clustered together and can be adapted based on the situation. There are generalised motor programmes which can be adapted, general set of rules. Practise needs to be varies so schemas can be strengthened. e.g. kicking schema, throwing schema, punching schema, jumping schema
51
How can the coach improve selective attention?
Change visual display e.g. use a bigger ball Reduced cues so performer isn't overloaded Reduce anxiety
52
How can the coach improve memory?
Provide lots of practice Not moving on too quickly Make sessions exciting and memorable Use key phrases e.g. clean palm, dirty neck in shot putt
53
How can a coach improve decision making?
Vary practice so learners experience a range of different scenarios and improve their LTM and schemas
54
How can a coach improve reaction time?
Giving learners info about important cues to look for Practise
55
How can a coach improve feedback?
Use technical feedback wisely so the performer does not become too dependant on it
56
What does Welford call the input stage of his model?
Perception
57
What does Welford call the decision making stage of his model?
Translation
58
What does Welford call the output stage of his model?
Effectors
59
What does Whiting call the input stage of his model?
Perceptual mechanism
60
What does Whiting call the decision making stage of his model?
Translatory mechanism
61
What does Whiting call the output stage of his model?
Effector mechanism
62
Which theorist uses the terms perception, translation and effectors in his model of information processing?
Welford
63
Which theorist uses the terms perceptual mechanism, translatory mechanism and effector mechanism?
Whiting
64
What part of Whiting’s and Welford’s model is the same?
Feedback stage
65
What are the six types of feedback?
Intrinsic Extrinsic Positive Negative Terminal Concurrent
66
What are the functions of feedback (MRI)?
Motivate Reinforce Inform
67
What is intrinsic feedback?
Comes from within - proprioceptors
68
What are the three types of intrinsic feedback?
Kinaesthetic Equilibrium Touch
69
What is extrinsic feedback?
Comes from an outside source - coach, spectators
70
What is knowledge of performance?
Information about how well the skill was performed. Detailed analysis of the action
71
What is knowledge of results?
Information about the end result of a response. Tells us whether or not the skill was successful
72
What is terminal feedback?
Feedback after the performance Some time after = delayed feedback Immediately after = immediate feedback
73
What is concurrent feedback?
Feedback given during the performance Either intrinsic or extrinsic
74
What is positive feedback?
Reinforces skill learning and means successful performances will be repeated
75
What is negative feedback?
Information about an unsuccessful action which can be used to change an action to become more successful later

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