Epidemic Curves and Determinants Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Epidemic Curves and Determinants Deck (32)
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1
Q

What is used to represent the number of new cases of disease over time?

A

Epidemic Curves

2
Q

What factors of disease can we learn from epidemic curves?

A

Most probable source of outbreak If pathogen is contagious If outbreak is ending or will continue Incubation period (sometimes) Outliers

3
Q

Should outliers in epidemic curves be considered or ignored?

A

Always consider! Early outliers can be early cases of the disease that weren’t noticed at first, but they can also be unrelated to the current outbreak.

4
Q

Early epidemic curves are based mainly on what?

A

Clinical signs and symptoms

5
Q

What factors will cause waves of infection to stop?

A

All susceptibles die or become resistant. Prophylaxis ends disease (vaccines)

6
Q

This curve features exposure followed by waves of secondary and tertiary cases of disease. What type of source is indicated?

A

Propagated source. Common with contagious diseases.

7
Q

The areas of low # cases between waves of disease indicate what?

A

Incubation period

8
Q

The following curve indicates what type of exposure to disease?

A

Common source, single point exposure. All animals are exposed at the same time from the same source.

9
Q

T/F: Epidemic curves such as the one featured are common with contagious disease.

A

FALSE

Contagious diseases produce a propagated source curve.

10
Q

If we know the point of exposure, can this curve tell us anything about the incubation period?

A

YES! We can determine the minimum, average, and maximum incubation times.

11
Q

This type of curve indicates what type of exposure?

A

Common source with intermittent exposure.

All animals are exposed to the same source, but at different times.

12
Q

What can this Common Source/Intermittent Exposure curve tell us about the incubation period?

A

Not really anything, since everyone is getting infected at different times.

13
Q

Host factors influencing the shape of an epidemiological curve:

A

Immunity or resistance

Direct transmission

14
Q

Pathogen factors influencing epidemiological curves:

A

Infectiousness of agent

Latent and incubation periods

Duration of infectivity

15
Q

T/F: Enviromnent doesn’t affect an epidemiological curve.

A

FALSE

Host factors, agent factors, AND environmental factors incluence the shape of the curve

16
Q

What’s up with endemic stability?

A

All factors influencing disease are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time.

17
Q

Factors that help determine the probability, distribution, or severity of a disease in an animal or population.

A

Determinants

18
Q

Health status is determined by the COMBINED ______.

A

Determinants of health

19
Q

Which is more important to health status, zip code or genetic code?

A

Zip code!

20
Q

5 Categories of health determinants for animals

A

Social environment (animal and human social factors)

Economic

Physical environment (food, water, shelter)

Animal individual characteristics

Etiologic agent

21
Q

If a determinant is a major contributing factor and is usually necessary for disease, it is called a _______ determinant

A

Primary

22
Q

Predisposing or enabling factors are called _______ determinants.

A

Secondary

23
Q

Age, breed and sex are examples are examples of ______ determinants

A

Intrinsic

24
Q

Housing and medical care are ______ determinants.

A

Extrinsic

25
Q

Spores in the soil and susceptible cattle are what kind of factors for anthrax disease?

A

Primary determinants, or necessary causes in Rothman’s model of diseases

26
Q

Mutations are agent based disease determinants, and include:

A

increased infectivity

Ability to infect new species

Aqcuisition of new toxins

Immune system invasion

27
Q

What 3 ways can antimicrobial resistance be obtained?

A

de novo

mutation

lateral transfer

28
Q

Environmental determinants include:

A

Demographics

Macroclimate

Microclimate

Housing/Crowding

Diet

Stress

29
Q

Diet is an ______ determinant, while nutrition status and BCS are _______ determinants.

A

Extrinsic/envorinmental

Intrinsic/host

30
Q

Genetic diseases are ______ determined by genotype, and genetic susceptibilities are ______ determined by genotype.

A

entirely

partially

31
Q

Why are certain breeds predisposed to certain diseases?

A

Similar genotypes within breeds

Breed determines size, color, etc

32
Q
A