EQ Hoof Care, Conditions, OA & DOD

Question 1

how many layers of the hoof?

Answer 1

3 - stratum externum, medium, internum

Question 2

which layer is the sensitive laminae

Answer 2

corial

Question 3

how much does a hoof grow per month in equine? what affects their growth?

Answer 3

8-10 mm

colder and dry environments and diet

Question 4

what does a transverse line show?

Answer 4

that their was an insult to the hoof (fever, nutrition, etc.), can use for timeline

Question 5

5 normal forces of the hoof

Answer 5

1. tension toward wall laminae
2. tension from ddft
3. downward compression from P2
4. upward compression from sole
5. extensor tendon

Question 5

predisposing conditions of laminitis in equine

Answer 5

1. endotoxemia
2. Cushing Disease (PPID) or Metabolic Syndrome
3. Fracture/Septic synovial structure
4. traumatic/mechanical

Question 6

components of suspension system

Answer 6

DDFT
laminae

Question 6

when might a horse may or may not need shoes?

Answer 6

if the foot wears faster than it grows

Question 6

hoof structures that are weight bearing

Answer 6

sole
frog

Question 6

components of support system

Answer 6

sole
digital cushion
wall

Question 7

how often does a horse need routine hoof maintenance?

Answer 7

6-8 weeks

Question 8

pathogenesis of equine laminitis

Answer 8

lack of glucose = inflam response = release of MMP = breakdown of basement membrane

Question 9

laminitis signs of inflammation

Answer 9

heat
increased digital pulses
positive hoof testers at toe

Question 10

which stage of laminitis?
at risk
no lameness or clinical signs

Answer 10

developmental

Question 11

which stage of laminitis?
lameness, clinical signs
active separation of dermis from epidermis

Answer 11

acute

Question 12

which stage of laminitis?
displacement of distal phalanx
abscesses, abnormal hoof growth

Answer 12

chronic

Question 13

developmental laminitis stage treatment?

Answer 13

cryotherapy!
prevention
treat systemic disease
anti-endotoxin serum or plasma, anti-inflam, mineral oil/activated charcoal
sole support

Question 14

acute laminitis stage treatment?

Answer 14

pain management (bute, DMSO, opioids, ice)
increase perfusion (pentoxifylline, isoxsuprine, heel elevation)
treat wind up (GABA, acupuncture, chiropractic)
sole support

Question 15

chronic laminitis stage treatment?

Answer 15

decrease tension of ddft
realign hoof-pastern axis
treat systemic disease

Question 16

disease?
bilateral forelimb lamness in a middle age horse
horse has a history of intermittent shifting leg lameness and short shuffling gait
“point” most severely affected limb or alternatively point limbs
“camped out in front” stance
often land on toe or flatly on foot
stumble at walk or trot

Answer 16

navicular syndrome

Question 17

navicular syndrome hoof tester findings

Answer 17

pain at center of frog and across the heels

Question 18

how to diagnose navicular syndrome

Answer 18

clinical exam
history, gait, hoof tester response
lameness exacerbated when 3/4” board placed under toe
PD nerve block (best)

Question 19

navicular syndrome treatment

Answer 19

stall rest
non-steroidal therapy
trim - correct hoof pastern axis and balance foot + increase angle of foot by raising the heel or shortening the toe

Question 20

for navicular syndrome, what should be done before other therapy?

Answer 20

corrective trimming or shoeing

Question 21

medical treatment for navicular syndrome

Answer 21

NSAIDs isoxsuprine hydrochloride injections of triamcinolone +/- sodium hyaluronate or IRAP in DIPJ & navicular bursa bisphosphates

Question 22

side effects of bisphosphonates

Answer 22

renal disease colic

Question 23

subsolar abscesses are common when? cause what?

Answer 23

rain poor husbandry "fracture lame"

Question 24

disease? single limb, mild-severe lameness, bounding digital pulses, hoof tester sensitivity and drainage at the coronary band

Answer 24

subsolar abscess

Question 25

subsolar abscess treatment

Answer 25

ventral drainage hyperosmotic (MgSO4/salt) soak NO betadine bandage **tetanus toxoid** exercise

Question 26

main proteoglycan that gives cartilage its ability to withstand compressive loads

Answer 26

aggrecans

Question 27

systemic therapies for equine osteoarthritis

Answer 27

NSAIDs adequan oral, slow acting agents (cosequin)

Question 28

MOA of phenylbutazone and banamine

Answer 28

COX 1 & 2 inhibitors = potential for more side effects

Question 29

MOA of equinox

Answer 29

COX-1 sparing

Question 30

MOA of adequan

Answer 30

increase synthesis of proteoglycans and collagen by chondrocytes inhibits MMPs, cathepsins, other degradative enzymes

Question 31

intra-articular therapies for equine osteoarthritis

Answer 31

corticosteroids hyaluronan biological therapies

Question 32

how much triamcinolone acetonide (vetalog) do you want to put into each joint

Answer 32

4mg each 18mg total

Question 33

what drug do you not want to put into high motion joints or joints with healthy cartilage

Answer 33

methylprednisolone acetate (depomedrol)

Question 34

difference between joint flare and joint infection

Answer 34

joint flare - 8-24 hr post injection, heat, pain, swelling, lameness joint infection - signs not obvious immediately

Question 35

high dose or low dose corticosteroids for chondroprotective properties?

Answer 35

low dose

Question 36

when selecting a sodium hyaluronan, what daltons do you want?

Answer 36

> 500,000 daltons

Question 37

what topical is available for equine osteoarthritis

Answer 37

liposomal NSAID cream (surpass - 1% diclofenac sodium)

Question 38

which DOD if physis matures too rapidly

Answer 38

contracted tendons

Question 39

which DOD if physis becomes inflamed

Answer 39

physitis

Question 40

which DOD if physis has abnormal mechanical pressure

Answer 40

ALD

Question 41

which DOD if epiphysis has abnormal ossification

Answer 41

OCD

Question 42

most common location of osteochondrosis lesion in the stifle

Answer 42

lateral trochlear ridge of femur

Question 43

most common location of subchondral bone cyst in the stifle

Answer 43

medial femoral condyle

Question 44

most common location of osteochondrosis lesion in the tarsus/hock

Answer 44

DIRT (distal intermediate ridge of the tibia) followed by lateral trochlear ridge of talus

Question 45

osteochondrosis treatment

Answer 45

prevention - nutrition evaluation conservative - rest, re-radiograph surgical - arthroscopy (debride, inject, pin lesion)

Question 46

subchondral bone cyst in the stifle treatment

Answer 46

screws

Question 47

treatment for physitis

Answer 47

assess/change diet rest/limit exercise

Question 48

when do flexural deformities occur in the DIP joint

Answer 48

birth - 4 months

Question 49

when do flexural deformities occur in the MCP joint

Answer 49

yearlings

Question 50

most common cause of flexural deformities in newborn foals

Answer 50

intrauterine positioning

Question 51

treatment of flexural deformities

Answer 51

nutrition, control growth rate pain control - NSAIDs oxytetracycline + splinting surgical intervention if >180 degrees

Question 52

diagnosis of ALD

Answer 52

radiographs angulation > 4 degrees

Question 53

ALD treatment

Answer 53

exercise restriction/stall rest correct trimming +/- shoeing minimize abnormal biomechanical forces re-evaluate in 2-3 weeks

Question 54

if you want to do surgical treatment for ALD when must you do it

Answer 54

before physis is closed

Question 55

when does distal radius/tibia physis close?

Answer 55

within 4-6 months

Question 56

when does distal metacarpus/metatarsus physis close?

Answer 56

within 3-4 weeks

Question 57

what is the MOST diagnostic test for navicular disease?

Answer 57

PD nerve block