Equine 1 Internal Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
temp of adult horse
A
37-38
2
Q
temp of foal
A
37.5-38.5
3
Q
changes of temp due to
A
physiological
pathological
hypothermia
hyperthermia
4
Q
adult heart rate
A
28-42 bpm
5
Q
foal heart rate at birth
A
60-80bpm
6
Q
foal heart rate at 0-2hrs
A
120-150bpm
7
Q
foal heart rate at 12hrs
A
80-120bpm
8
Q
foal heart rate at 24hrs
A
80-100bpm
9
Q
foal heart rate at 1-7days
A
60-100bpm
10
Q
foal heart rate at 1 week -6month
A
40-60bpm
11
Q
where to palpate pulse
A
facial artery
transverse facial artery
medial and lateral digital artery (FL & HL)
12
Q
resp rate of adult
A
10-18 breaths/min
13
Q
resp of foal at birth
A
gasping
14
Q
resp of foal at 0-2hrs
A
40-60 breaths
15
Q
resp of foal at 12hrs
A
30-40 breaths
16
Q
resp of foal at 24hrs
A
30-35 breaths
17
Q
resp of foal at 1-7 days
A
20-35 breaths
18
Q
resp of foal at 1 week- 6months
A
10-25breaths
19
Q
sequence of organ examination
A
skin
ln
mm
resp
cardiovasc
gi
urinary
genital
haematopoeietic
endocrine
locomotor
nervous
20
Q
primary skin lesions
A
macule
papule
vesicule
pustule
urticaria
nodule
tumour
cyst
21
Q
secondary skin lesion
A
alopecia
scaling
crusting
scar
erosion
ulcer
lichenification
fissure
hypo/hyperpigmentation
necrosis
22
Q
special areas for skin lesions
A
mucocutaneous junctions
chestnuts
hooves
coronary bands
23
Q
ancillary diagnostic methods for skin diseases
A
haematoglogy
biochem
skin scraping
hair and follicle sample
brushing
cellotape
swab, aspiration, impression smear
biopsy
24
Q
indications of skin biopsy
A
to establish a specific diagnosis
to rule out differential diagnosis
to follow course of disease
to confirm the completeness of tumour excision
25
ancillary methods of ln examination
fna
biopsy
surgical excision
us
endoscope
26
types of skin biopsy
shave
wedge
punch
excisional
27
normally palpable ln in horse
lnn mandibulares
ln inguinale spf
28
palpable ln rectally
iliosacrale
mesenteric
29
palpable ln only when enlarged
retropharyngeal lateral
cervical spf
30
mm to examine
oral
conjunctiva
nasal
anal
genital
31
normal findings of mm
light pink
smooth
shiny
moist
intact
blood vessels barely visible
crt <2sec
32
steps of physical exam of resp system
nose and paranasal sinuses
guttural pouch
cough
larynx
trachea
thorax
33
normal findings of nose
temperature of region is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is sharp, bone-like
34
nasal discharge
continuous or temp
uni or bi lateral
grade
quality, colour, smell
origin
35
expired air
intensity
temp
smell
36
normal findings of expired air
medium strength and temp
odour is characteristic, not unpleasant
airflow is symmetrical bilateral
37
do paranasal sinuses communicate
yes
38
names of paranasal sinuses
rostral maxillary sinus
caudal maxillary sinus
dorsal conchal sinus
frontal sinus
ethmooidal sinus
sphenopalatine sius
39
which sinus is most affected
maxillary
40
normal findings of sinuses
skin is intact, no alopecia or abnormal shape
temp is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is sharp, bone-like
41
what bone splits the guttural pouch
stylohyoid bone
42
do guttural pouches communicate
no
43
where are guttural pouches
betweeen base of the skull, atlas and pharynx
44
normal findings of guttural pouch
the skin is intact, no alopecia
temp is equal to surroundings
palpation is not painful
percussion sound is resonant
45
examination of cough
frequency
intensity
tone
occurrence
duration
amount of secretion
pain
46
induction of cough
press arytenoid cartilage of larynx
press first tracheal rings
47
normal findings of induced cough
strong, sharp, low, short, dry, non-painful, snapping, does not recu
48
normal findings of the larynx
skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
temp is equal to surroundings
no alterations on palpation
very mild stridor on auscultation
49
normal findings of the trachea
skin is intact, no alopecia, shape is normal
temp is equal to surroundings
no alterations on palpation
laryngeal noise is audible in a weaker form on auscultation
50
inspection of thorax
shape, size, symmetry
breathing - resp rate, rhthym, type, depth
51
weaker than normal resp sounds indicates
decreased airflow, spf breathing
52
missing resp sounds indicates
pleural effusion
consolidated lung
53
increased intensity resp sounds
dyspnoe
54
musical resp sounds
wheezes
whistling
ca4sed by diameter shrinking
55
non- musical resp sounds
crackles
clicking
rattling
crackling noises
56
percussion sound of air filled lung
resonant
57
normal percussion sound of thorax
strong/sharp
low
resonant
short
58
normal lung border
deltoid tuberosity - ICS 7
point of shoulder - ICS 10
ischiadic tuber - ICS 14
tuber coxae - ICS 16
59
ancillary diagnostic methods of thorax
endoscope
US
x ray
CT
thoracocentesis
thoracscopy
lung function test
nasal & pharyngeal swab
tracheal wash
bronchoalveolar lavage
arterial blood gas analysis
60
pulmonary function tests
transpleural pressure change
pneumotachograph, flow measurement
resistance
dynamic compliance
arterial blood gas analysis
61
ancilliary methods of cardiovasc system
ecg
echo
phonocardiography
blood pressure measurement
pericardiocentesis
cardiac catheterization
lab tests
62
location of heart
2nd - 6th ICS
twisted anticlockwise
right side - cranially
left side - on left and caudally
63
location of heart base
left side - 3rd-5th ICS
right side - 3rd - 4th ICS
64
palpation of cardiac region
local and intensity of heart beat
heart rate
trauma, deformity
pain
precordial thrill, fremitus
65
S1 sound of heart
beginning of systole
caused by initial movement of ventricle, abrupt arrest of blood flow, AV valves tense
early part of ejection
66
S2 sound of heart
end of systole
caused by the change in direction of blood flow
closing of the semilunar valves
67
S3 sound of heart
termination of rapid ventricular filling
commonly heard at or caudal and dorsal to apex beat
68
S4 sound of heart
atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle
69
2 physiological murmurs
systolic
diastolic
70
systolic murmur
caused by blood flow in aorta and pul artery in early systole
left side of thorax
localised and brief
intensity may change with exercise
early - midsystolic
crescendo - decrescendo or decrescendo
71
PMI of systolic murmur
over aortic or pul valves
72
diastolic murmur
caused by ventricular filling
left side of thorax
early diastolic (S2-3) or late diastolic (S4-1)
quality is often musical/squeaking
73
PMI of diastolic murmur
over mitral area
74
PMI of pulmonary murmur
left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder
75
PMI of aortic murmur
left 4th ICS below point of shoulder
76
PMI of mitral murmur
left 5th ICS halfway btw shoulder and sternum
77
PMI of tricuspid murmur
right 4th ICS
78
blood tests for cardiac exam
AST
CK
LDH
79
salivary glands
parotid
mandibular
sublingual
buccal
80
regions of abdomen
epigastric
mesogastric
hypogastric
81
normal percussion findings of left side of abdomen
dorsal 3rd - dulled tympanic
medium 3rd - dulled tympanic
ventral 3rd - dulled
82
normal findings of right side of abdomen
dorsal 3rd - tympanic
medium 3rd - dulled tympanic
ventral 3rd - dulled
83
examination of gastric content
quantity, quality, colour, smell, pH, components, foreign materials
84
examination of liver
serum levels of hepatic enzymes
bile salts
ammonia
glucose
bilirubin
clotting factors
plasma proteins
85
location of pancrease
behind of the stomach and liver
in dorsal part of epigastric resion above the duodenum
86
lab diagnostic of pancrease
serum amylase and lipase
peritoneal fluid amylase activity
87
indication of abdominocentesis
peritonitis
abdominal neoplasia
abscesses
strangulation obstructions
blood urine
ruptured - bladder, gi
transudate, exsudate, modified transudate
88
indications of abdominal us
colic
weigth loss
pyrexia
leukocytosis, leucopenia
elevated plasma fibrinogen
abnormal x ray
elevated liver enzymes
elevates kidney vallues
abrnomal peritoneal fluid
89
where to US stomach
left side 10-15th ICS
medial to hilus of spleen
90
where to US caecum
right paralumbar fossa adjacent to the right kidney and descending duodenum
91
indication of xray of stomach
check NG tube placement in neonates
diagnose certain diseases in neonates
detect sand in ventral colon
detect enteroliths
92
ancillary diagnostic aids for nervous system examination
neuroradiography
nuclear scintigraphy
computed scintigraphy
mri
electroencephalography
lab test
93
clinical signs of lesions in segments
C1-C5
tetraparesis/plegia
+/- neck pain
normal to exaggerated reflexes
94
clinical signs of lesions in segments
C6-T2
tetraparesis/plegia
+/- neck pain
decreased to absent thoracic limb spinal reflexes
normal to exaggerated spinal reflexes to pelvic limbs
95
clinical signs of lesions in segments
T3-L3
paraparesis/plegia
+/- back pain
normal thoracic limb spinal reflexes
normal to exaggerated pelvic limbs spinal reflexes
96
clinical signs of lesions in segments
L4-S3
paraparesis/plegia
+/- back pain
normal thoracic limb spinal reflexes
decreased to absent spinal reflexes of pelvic limbs
97
clinical signs of lesions in segments
caudal
paresis/plegia of tail
decreased tail tone
decreased tail sensation
98
head tilt indicates
vestibular lesion
99
deviation of head and neck towards side of lesions indicates
cerebral lesions
100
jerky movements during voluntary motion with fine tremor at rest indicates
cerebellar lesion
101
test for olfactory nerver
evaluation of smell
102
test for optic nerve
menace reflex
103
test for oculomotor nerve
pupillary light reflex
104
test for trigeminal nerve
facial cutaneous sensation
palpebral reflex
corneal reflex
ability to chew
jaw movement
105
test for facial nerve
evaluation of facial symmetry and movement
palpebral and corneal reflec
106
test for vestibulocochlear nerve
evaluation of hearing
evaluation of balance
107
test for hypoglossal nerve
evaluation of tongue function
108
horner's syndrome
upper palpebral ptosis
hyperthermia and unilateral sudoresis of face and variable regions of the neck and trunk
enopthalamos
3rd eyelid protrusion and miosis
109
n. oculomotor innervate what muscles
m. rect dors. vent. med
m, obl. vent
110
n. trochlearis innervate what muscles
m. obl dors
111
n. abducens innervate what muscles
m. rect lat
m. rect bulbi
112
dysmetria definition
an error in trajectory due to abnormal range, rate and force of motion
113
hypometria definition
voluntary movement is shorter than the intended goal - too little joint movement
114
hypermetria definition
voluntary movement results in overreaching of intended goal - excessive joint movement
115
paresis definition
muscles weakness resulting from neurologic dysfunction
116
paralyssi
inability to move voluntarily
117
neuro test for neck and F.L.
neck mobility
cervicoauricular reflex
cervical cutaneous sensation
deep pain perception
sway reaction
resistance to dorsal pressure on withers
positional limbs in a crossed position - correction test
sideways hopping
118
neuro tests of H.L.
cutaneous sensation
deep pain perception
sway reaction
resistance to dorsal pressure on lumbar region
positional limbs in a crossed position 0 not reliable
sideways hopping
119
neuro tests of tail and anus
tail tone
perineal reflex
120
neuro tests of recumbent horses
forelimb flexor reflex
biceps reflex
triceps reflex
hindlimb flexor reflex - tibial, peroneal, femoral
patellar reflex
121
if the horse can lift only its head, the lesion is
in the cranial cervical region
122
if the horse can raise its head and neck, the lesion is
in the caudal cervical region
123
if the horse cannot rise into a sitting position (dog-sitting position) the lesion is in
the cervical cord
124
If the thoracic limbs are functional, the lesion is
caudal to T2
125
If the deficit is in the trunk or hind limbs, the lesion is
located between T2 and S2
126
Localized sweating indicates a lesion in
the descending sympathetic tracts
127
rectal palpation of kidneys
only caudal 3rd of left kidney
info about - shape, size, consistency, painfullness of cadual 3rd
128
palpation of ureters
only when wall is thickened and/or lumen is distended
129
examination of urinary bladder
full bladder palpable in caudoventral part of the abdomen of neonates
rectally - at bottom or entrance of pelvis. spherical or oval, non-painful, smooth, undulant structure.
130
what to check in urinary bladder
position
shape
size
surface
wall thickness
painfullness
content
structures within the lumen
131
mare urethra
short, large in diameter
orifice is 10-15cm from vulva
132
stallion urethra
long and narrow
133
observations during urination
posture
behaviour during urination
ways of voiding
amount of released urine
134
mare posture
HL wide stance, placed cranially, tail elevated, rump bent down
135
stallion posture
hl wide stance, placed caudally, tail elevated, penis is released
136
abnormalieis of urination
pollakiuria
oliguria
anuria
urinary tenesmus
dysuria
urinary incontinence
137
pollakiuria
abnormally frequent of passage of urine
due to
- normal amount of urine is passed in multiple, smaller portions
- polyuria: formation and elimination of abnormally large amount of urine – usually both frequency and
quantity per urination are increased often seen together with polydipsia
138
oligura
reduced urine output
due to
- reduced frequency, but normal amount of urine per urination
- reduced frequency and reduced amount per urination
139
anuria
lack urination, non-passage of urine
either renal or postrenal
140
urinary tenesmus
excessive straining during urination
- persistent and/or frequent voiding stance
- unsuccessful voiding
141
dysuria
painful urination
142
blood tests for urinalysis
anaemia due to decreased epo in CKD
urea
creatinine
electrolytes
143
urinalysis
physical exam
reagent strip analysis
sediment examination
enzymuria
fractional clearance of electrolytes
bacterial culture
clarity
SG
