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Equine > Upper Resp Disease, Asthma, Pneumonia, Pleuropneumonia > Flashcards

Upper Resp Disease, Asthma, Pneumonia, Pleuropneumonia Flashcards

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1
Q

what is choanal atresia

A

no airflow in nostrils
congenital

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2
Q

patient history

A

age
breed
housing
type of work
signs - acute/chronic, uni/bi lateral, exercise intolerance, noise

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3
Q

physical exam

A

resp rate - normal = 8-12
effort
pattern
examin from different angles
in rest and during exercise

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4
Q

Rhinitis

A

infetion of the nasal passage independant of the sinuses

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5
Q

Rhinitis
viral cause

A

equine influenze
herpes
rhinovirus
adenovirus

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6
Q

Rhinitis
bacterial cause

A

uncommon
secondary to trauma

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7
Q

Rhinitis
fungal cause

A

aspergillus
conidiobolus
crytococcus

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8
Q

Rhinitis
parastitic cause

A

habronema
draschia

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9
Q

Rhinitis
diagnosis

A

physical exam
endoscope - difficult due to long narrow canal
xray

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10
Q

Rhinitis
treatment

A

systemic or local
treat cause

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11
Q

sinusitis

A

either primary or secondary

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12
Q

sinusitis
primary

A

bacterial or fungal

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13
Q

sinusitis
secondary

A

dental diseases
sinus cysts
enoplasia
PEH -progessive ethmoid hematoma
trauma
sinonasal polyps

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14
Q

sinusitis
signs

A

unilateral nasal discharge - mucopurulent, fetid odor
facial swelling
resp noise - deformity
lacrimation - frontal/maxillary is involved
head shaking - uncommon in fungal

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15
Q

sinusitis
diagnosis

A

history
percussion
oral exam
endoscopy, sinoscopy
sampling
xray
ct
mri

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16
Q

sinusitis
treatment

A

AB
debridment - trepination, sinus flap, draining
flushing

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17
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
fungi

A

Aspergillus spp.,
Mucor,
Fusarium,
Trichosporon
Opportunistic fungi

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18
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
signs

A
  • Epistaxis
  • Dysphagia
  • Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
  • Nasal discharge
  • Coughing
  • Horners syndrome
  • Fungal encephalitis
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19
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
diagnosis

A

endoscope - If bleeding is present, care must be taken not to dislodge the clot! Biopsy, cytology, culture
xray -

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20
Q

guttural pouch mycosis
treatment

A

drugs
lavage
local antimyotics
ststemic antimycotics
nsaids
vits B, C, E Se
Ki

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21
Q

local antimycotics

A

o Nystatin
o Enilconazol
o Ketoconazol
o Thiabedazol
o Natamycin

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22
Q

systemic antimycotics

A

Amphotericin-B
Itrakonazol
Flukonazol
Voriconazol (borad spectrum, good bioavailability, cost!)

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23
Q

guttural pouch empyema

A

bacterial infection
ruptured retropharyngeal abscess
stenosis of gp opening

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24
Q

guttural pouch empyema
signs

A

Intermittent chronic nasal discharge
Submandicular lymphadenopathy
Parotis enlargement
Increased respiratory noise
mycosis signs

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25
**guttural pouch empyema** diagnosis
endscope xray - fluid lines, air filled sacs us - locate abcess
26
**guttural pouch empyema** treatment
highly contagious Strict biosecurity protocols Removal of the exudate, flushing with saline Sedating the horse to achieve a low head position Local AB administration chondroid removal
27
**PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA** viral causes
herpes influenza
28
**PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA** bacteria causes
stre[ equi ssp equi
29
**PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA** predisposition
young race horses
30
**PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA** signs
- Nasal discharge - Enlarged lymphnodes - Coughing - Poor performance
31
**PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA** diagnosis
endoscope grace 1-4
32
**PHARYNGEAL LYMPHOID HYPERPLASIA** treatment
Mild cases respond well to reduced training antiinflammatories systemic immunomodulators
33
**strangles** bacteria
strep equi ssp equi
34
**strangles** common in
young high morbidity low mortality shedding for 4-6 weeks asymptomatic carriers
35
**strangles** signs
- Fever, lethargy - Serous to mucupurulent nasal discharge - Hyperamic nasal/ocular mucous membranes - Mucupurulent ocular discharge - Firm than fluctuant lymph nodes - Swollen/painful throatlatch - Affected horses may stand with a stretched neck - Refuse to eat
36
**strangles** diagnosis
- Clinical signs - Bacterial culture and PCR swab - lymph node, nasal swab, nasopharyngeal lavage, guttural pouch lavage
37
**strangles** treatment
- Supportive care - Soft palatable feed - NSAIDS - flunixin, phenylbutazone
38
**strangles** complications
- Abscess formation in the mesentery/organs - Purpura hemorrhagica - Guttural pouch empyema/chondroid - Septicaemia/septic arthritis/pneumonia - CNS disease - Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica - Immune mediated myositis
39
equine IAD
inflammatory airway disease
40
what part of airway is affected with IAD
Lower
41
symptoms of -IAD
- poor performance - coughing - tracheobronchial mucus - Increased airway secretion - Thoracic auscultation often normal - Slightly increased respiratory rate - Somewhat more pronounced abdominal breathing component - Tracheal mucus
42
diagnosis of IAD
history and clinical signs enscope BAL US Xray lung function test tracheal wash
43
differential of IAD
rao upper airway diseases pleuropneumonia viral infection EIPH neoplasia lungworm infestation
44
treatment of IAD
environmental management AB GCC mast cell stabiliser interferon alpha bronchodilators B2 adrenergic agonists
45
systemic GCC
prednisolone dexamethasone
46
inhalation gcc
fluticason beclomethasone
47
prevention of IAD
dust free environment
48
**RAO** environmental factors
- moulds - endotoxins - Mites and their faeces - Plant materials - Inorganic dust ingredients - Gases (ammonia) - Summer pasture-associated RAO (SPARAO)
49
difference btw heaves and rao
heaves is reversed by a change in the environnement or the use of a bronchodialtor
50
**RAO** clinical signs
- Normal rectal temperature - Increased respiratory rate (and heart rate - hypoxaemia) - Poor performance, exercise intolerance - Dyspnea (mainly expiratory, but you may see mix types) - Chronic cough - Mucopurulent nasal discharge - Adventitious lung sounds (more pronounced during expiratory phase) - Tracheal mucus - Caudal shift of the caudal lung border - Weight loss - Cor pulmonale (rare)
51
**RAO** diagnosis
- History, clinical signs - Respiratory endoscopy - Thoracic ultrasonography - Thoracic radiography - cytology - lung function tests
52
**RAO** differential diagnosis
- SPARAO - IAD - Pneumonia - Pleuritis - Pulmonary fibrosis - Thoracic neoplasia - Lungworm infestation
53
**RAO** treatment
give bronchodilators before steroids B2 adrenergic agents anticholinergic agents methylxanthine derivatives GCC mucolytics
54
B2 adrenergic agents
clenbuterol sallbutamol salmeterol
55
anticholinergic agents
atropine sulhpate glycopyrrolate ipratropoium bromide
56
methylxanthine derivatives
aminophylline pentoxifylline
57
GCC
prednisolone dexamethasone fluticasona beclomethasone triamcinolone
58
mucolytics
dembrexine acetlycysteine bromhexine
59
**EIPH** cause
RUPTURE OF MICROBRONCHIAL AND ALVEOLAR CAPILLARIES
60
**EIPH** Causes
lesions in capillary wall genetic predispositon small airway disease environmental causes RAO, IAD resp infection mechanical forces
61
**EIPH** treatment
furosemide
62
**pneumonia** cause
step. equi staph aureus e. coli klebsiella bordetella bronchiseptica pasteurella clostridium actinobacillus equuli
63
**pneumonia** signs
- Can be non-specific - Lethargic attitude - Reduced appetite - Fever - Dyspnoea - Cough +/- - Pleurodinia
64
**pneumonia** diagnosis
history physical examination US endoscopy xray thoracocentesis thoracic draining fenestrated mediastinum
65
**pneumonia** treatment
AB drainage nsaids bronchodilator mucolytics fluid and electrolyte therapy stall rest
66
**pneumonia** prognosis
- Depends on severity and duration - Fair: acute cases (detected early with limited effusion, aggressive therapy) - Guarded: long-standing or complicated cases - Poor: if anaerobic bacteria cultured
67
**rhodococcus equi**
gram +ve facultative herpes causes immunosuppresion infection aerogenically
68
**rhodococcus equi** xray
nodular increase in radiodensity nodular interstitial pattern and air-broncho framms
69
**rhodococcus equi** treatment
eryhtomycin rifampin azithromycin clarithryomycin

Equine (25 decks)

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