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Nervous system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what does cvm stand for

A

cervical vertebreal malformation

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2
Q

another name for cvm

A

cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy
wobbler syndrome

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of CVM

A

CVI and CSS

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4
Q

What does CVI stand for

A

Cervical vertebral instability

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5
Q

what does CVI affect

A

C3-C4 and C4-5

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6
Q

What type of compression is in CVI

A

dynamic compression

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7
Q

what does CSS stand for

A

cervical static stenosis

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8
Q

what does CSS affect

A

C5-6 and C6-7

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9
Q

what type of compression is CSS

A

static compression

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10
Q

what is teh consequence of CVM in young horses

A

symmetrical ataxia

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11
Q

what horses are most at risk of CVM

A

thoroughbreds, quarter horses
males > females

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12
Q

causes of CVM

A

genetic, environment
genetic predisposition
nutrition
rapid growth
trauma
abnormal biomechanical forces

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13
Q

where is there narrowing of vertebral canal in CVM

A

C3-C6

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14
Q

4 symptoms of CSS

A

thickening of dorsal lamina
enlargement of lig flavum
degenerative articular processes
thickened joint capsule

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15
Q

3 symptoms of CVI

A

subluxation of adjacent vertebrae
malformation of caudal vertebral physis/epiphysis
malformation or malarticulation of articular processes

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16
Q

clinical signs of cvm

A

symmetrical ataxia
weakness
pelvic limbs worse
spasticity
deficits progress then stabilise
DOD clinical signs

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17
Q

how are deficits of cvm emphasised

A

circling
head elevation
backing
maneuvering over obstacles

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18
Q

diagnosis of cvm

A

xray
normal csf
compression myelopgrpahy

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19
Q

what does xray of cvm show

A

luxation, narrowing of spinal canal and arthritic lesions

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20
Q

treatment of cvm

A

stall rest
restricted exercise and diet
nsaids
gcc
DMSO

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21
Q

surgery of css

A

subtotal dorsal laminectomy

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22
Q

surgery of cvi

A

vertebral interbody fusion

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23
Q

cause of head and spinal trauma

A

direct physical injury
cerebral/spinal chord concussion or contusion
hermorrhage, epidural/subdural hematoma
fracture or sphenoid/occipital

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24
Q

clinical signs or head and spinal trauma

A

cerebral lesions
hematoma
loss of consciousness
focal signs
epistaxis

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25
treatment of head and spinal trauma
stall rest sedatives and analgesia decreased secondary oedema artifical feeding
26
2 different types of heat stroke
non exertional (exposure to high environmental temp) exertional (exercise)
27
what is insolation
direct effect of solar radiation on the brain cerebral hyperaemia
28
clinical signs of sun and heat stroke
hyperthermia sudden onset, dullness and weakness neurosigns lung oedema
29
neuro signs of sun and heat stroke
collapse convulsions coma
30
treatment of sun and heat stroke
cool body IV fluids GCC, sedatives, anticonvulsions
31
virus of rabies
lyssavirus
32
incubation of rabies
2 weeks - 6months
33
course of rabies
2-10days
34
where is replication of rabies
myocytes
35
pathogenesis of rabies
myocytes => peripheral nerves => spinal ganglia => CNS => brain, spinal chord, symp trunk, glial cells => organs
36
clinical signs of rabies
colic signs ataxia anorexia repeated urination and defecation hyperaesthesia +/- hypersexuality
37
what are the 3 forms of neuro signs of rabies
cerebral/ furious form brain stem/dumb form spinal/paralytic
38
clinical signs of cerebral/furious form of rabies
aggression photophobia hydrophobia convulsions hyperaesthesia straining muscular tremor
39
clinical signs of brain stem/ dumb form of rabies
depression anorexia head tilt circling incontinence ataxia dementia salivation blindness flaccid tail and anus facial and pharyngeal paralysis self mutiliation
40
clinical signs of spinal/paralytic form of rabies
progressing ascending limb paralysis ataxia/shifting lameness hyperaesthesia self mutilation recumbency, convulsions
41
differential of rabies
hepatoencephalopathy leucoencephalopathy cauda equine neuritis trauma togaviral encephalitis botulism menigitis mass west nile virus lead poison EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy eq protozoal myeloencphalitis
42
EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy cause
eq herpes virus 1
43
what does EHV-1 also cause
vasculitis diffuse multifocal myeloencephalopathy
44
where does EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy replicate
nasopharyngeal ep
45
how is EHV protected
it is IC
46
predilection site of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
CNS vascular epithelium
47
clinical signs of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
toe dragging, knuckling, stumbling decreased tail and anal tone/sensitivity cranial nerve deficits distended bladder colic penile flaccidity incontinence difficulty defacating
48
what type of horse has a better prognosis in EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
standing
49
onset of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
acute onset of ataxia and paresis clinical signs stabilise in 2 days
50
diagnosis of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
- CSF increased protein and xanthochromia - increased blood antibodies - PCR
51
treatment of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy
quarantine GCC AB vits - B, C ,E acyclovir treat pressure sores sternal recumbency laxative and urinary catheter
52
virus of west nile
flavivirus
53
vector of west nile
mosquitoes
54
bacterial meningitis , encephalitis is a consequence of
strangles sinusitis periositis neonatal septicaemia
55
clinical signs of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis
pyrexia depression hypereasthesia tremors blindness cranial nerve deficits head pressing stupor ataxia paresis convulsions recumbency coma
56
diagnosis of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis
increased protein and bacteria in CSF culture and sensitivitiy
57
treatment of bacterial meningitis , encephalitis
Gr +ve - penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur Gr -ve - TMP sulfonamide, gentamycin, amikacin
58
parasitic encephalitis/ myelitis causing worms
strongulus vulgaris angiostrongylus cantonensis
59
parasitic encephalitis/ myelitis other
hypoderma bovis habronema setria halicephalobus deletrix
60
causes of tetanus
clostridium tetani exotoxins motor neurons in ventral horn inhibition of glycine & gaba release increased musclular irratibility spasm in skeletal muscle
61
incubation of tetanus
21days
62
clinical signs of tetanus
spasm of skeletal muscles trismus risus sardonicus 3rd eyelid prolapse wide nostril salivation, abnormal prehension, mastication dysphagia stiff head/neck/gait tachypnoea, dyspnoea sweating, dehydration rigid saw horse posture elevated tail
63
treatment of tetanus
quiet, dark box sedation myorelaxation (diazepam) wound managment fluids AB antitoxin semi liquid feed detomidine, xylazine, ACP
64
vaccination for tetanus of foal of non vaccinated mare
dose 1 = 3-4mon dose 2 = 4-5mon dose 3 = 6-8mon
65
vaccination for tetanus of foal of vaccinated mare
dose 1 = 6mon dose 2 = 7mon dose 3 = 9-10mon
66
cause of botulism
clostridium botulinum
67
clinical signs of botulism
normal sensorium chewing - swallowing disorder salivation, tongue paralysis weakness or skeletal muscle trembling recumbency
68
cause of equine leukoencephalomalacia
fumonisin B1 toxin Fusarium monilforma
69
signs of equine leukoencephalomalacia
anorexia depression/ excitation chewing/swallowing disorders muscular weakness, sweating stiff gait, recumbency
70
diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia
feed analysis necroscopy of brain and liver
71
localisation of facial paralysis
central, peripheral in relation to petrous bone
72
cause of facial paralysis
cerebral abscess otitis media guttural pouch inflammation (mycosis) trauma
73
clinical signs of facial paralysis *central*
symmetrical paralysis of ears and face
74
clinical signs of facial paralysis *peripheral*
unilateral paresis/paralysis of nostril and lip
75
consequence of facial paralysis
impaired eating/drinking and breathing
76
treatment of facial paralysis
eliminate cause vit b1 gcc
77
another name of polyneuritis equi
cauda equinaa syndrome
78
cause of polyneuritis equi
unknown
79
clinical signs of polyneuritis equi *acute*
hyperaesthesia of perineal and head area
80
clinical signs of polyneuritis equi *chronic*
paralysis of tail, anus, rectum, bladder tail - gait deficit, posterior paraplegia rectum - retention bladder - cystitis, incontinence
81
treatment of polyneuritis equi
urinary catheter manual fecal removal treat cystitis with AB GCC vit b1

Equine (25 decks)

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