Angular Limb Deformities

Question 1

angular limb deformities diagnosis

Answer 1

in foals - valgus deformity
static and dynamic evaluation
palpation
xray - DPa of carpus
toe in same direction as carpus (should be pointed in your direction)

Question 2

perinatal deformities

Answer 2

cuboidal bone ossification
at ossification centres - distal radial, tibial epiphyis, carpal and tarsal bones, ulnar styloid process

Question 3

incomplete ossification due to

Answer 3

shortened hestation
abnormal uterine position
placental insufficiency
metabolic diseases
colic
shock

Question 4

grading of incomplete ossification
grade 1

Answer 4

some cuboidal bones of carpus and tarsus have no evidence of ossification

Question 5

grading of incomplete ossification
grade 2

Answer 5

all cuboidal bones have some evidence of ossification

Question 6

grading of incomplete ossification
grade 3

Answer 6

all cuboidal bones are ossified
small rounded edges present
joint spaces are wide
prox physis of McIII are closed

Question 7

grading of incomplete ossification
grade 4

Answer 7

cuboidal bones are shapes

Question 8

treatment of incomplete ossification

Answer 8

stall rest - try to avoid collapse
exercise on weakened partially ossified carpal/ tarsal bones
xray every 2 weeks
if limb isnt straight - splint and cast
controlled daily exercise 10-20mins

Question 9

acquired limb deformities due to

Answer 9

disproportionate growth
too rapid growth
heavy birth weigth
exercise
physeal dyslplasis
trauma
dietary imbalance
genetic

Question 10

treatment of acquired limb deformities

Answer 10

stall rest
controlled exercise
foot manipulatio

Question 11

what acquired limb deformities is normal

Answer 11

carpal deviation up to 4degree angulation
foals have natural growth correction

Question 12

growth speed

Answer 12

faster = more heavily loaded side (concave)
slower = less heavily loaded side (convex)

Question 13

foot manipulation

Answer 13

balancing force on growth plate
more effective in fetlock than carpus

Question 14

what does foot manipulation involve

Answer 14

controlled exercise and hoof trimming
repeat every 2-4weeks
foot extension shoes

Question 15

valgus

Answer 15

outside hoof wall is lowered
carpus deformity
*extension placed on medial aspect of hoof

Question 16

varus

Answer 16

pigeon toe in conformation
inside hoof wall lowered
*extension placed on lateral aspect of hoof
-more force on the lateral side

Question 17

surgical techniques for acquired limb deformities

Answer 17

growth acceleration HCPTE
Growth retardation
combination - acceleration and retatrdation

Question 18

flexural limb deformities

Answer 18

when limb deviates from the normal vertical alignment in the sagittal plane

Question 19

categories of flexural limb deformities

Answer 19

flexor contracture - persistent hyperflexion
flexor laxity - tendon units not contracted

Question 20

cause of congenital flexural limb deformities

Answer 20

teratogenic agents
intrauterine positioning
genetic predisposition

Question 21

acquired flexural limb deformities

Answer 21

mismatch in bone/tendon/lig growth
contraction of musculotendinous unit
btw w4 and m4

Question 22

2 congenital flexural limb deformities

Answer 22

digital hyperextension deformities
ruptured common digital extensor tendon

Question 23

digital hyperextension deformities

Answer 23

usually corrects itself
if doesnt resolve - minimal trimming, splint,
dont use a cast

Question 24

ruptured common digital extensor tendon

Answer 24

swelling of tendon sheath
secondary
tendon defect palpable
knuckling at fetlock joint
treat with splint and sedation

Question 25

treatment of congenital flexural limb deformities

Answer 25

exercise IV antibiotics and sedation to give more flexibility to flexor tendons farriery splint/cast transection of flexor carpi ulnaria and ulnaris lateralis

Question 26

acquired flexural deformities

Answer 26

longitudinal growth of bone > tendon 1-4months = DIPJ or club foot 1-6months = PIP, MCP

Question 27

causes of acquired flexural deformities

Answer 27

excessive feeding inherent potential for rapid growth nutritional imbalances

Question 28

types of acquired flexural deformities

Answer 28

club foot mcp/mtp region

Question 29

club foot

Answer 29

contractural deformity DIPJ dorsal hoof wall more vertical angle heels dont touch ground

Question 30

MCP/MTP region

Answer 30

congenital or 10-18months foot is normal but pastern assumes more upright position

Question 31

1st stage of club foot

Answer 31

dorsal hoof wall 60-90o surgery possible

Question 32

2nd stage of club foot

Answer 32

dorsal hoof wall over 90o

Question 33

grade I of of MCP/MTP region

Answer 33

straight MCP/MTP

Question 34

grade II of of MCP/MTP region

Answer 34

angle around 180o

Question 35

grade III of of MCP/MTP region

Answer 35

angle > 180o

Question 36

non surgical treatment of acquired flexural deformities

Answer 36

balance nutrition avoid overfeeding of foal mineral balance - Ca/P farriery glue on rubber shoe

Question 37

club foot treatment

Answer 37

balance nutrition nsaid toe extension exercise desmotomy of DDFT acc lig

Question 38

desmotomy of acc lig of DDFT

Answer 38

5cm incision prox and middle third of McIII separate subcut tissue and fascia acc. lig sharply transected *treatment for 1st stage club foot

Question 39

Tenotomy of DDFT

Answer 39

treatment for 2nd stage of flexural deformity hoof ground angle >115degrees midpastern - through dfts

Question 40

contractural defromites of metacarpophalangeal joint

Answer 40

as a yearling - rapid growth of radius fetlock goes in dorsal direction treatment - nutrition, nsaid, physio, desmotomy of sdt acc lig

Question 41

desmotomy of acc lig of SDFT