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Eye Flashcards

1
Q

systemic diseases that can cause ocular signs

A

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
Equine leucoenceophalomalcia
Equine motor neuron disease
Equine encephalomyelitis
thiamine deficiency
vestibular disease
horners syndrome
tetanus botulism
photic head shaking

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2
Q

OU meaning

A

occurs in both eyes

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3
Q

OS meaning

A

ocular sinister

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4
Q

OD meaning

A

ocular dexter

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5
Q

blepharospasm definition

A

painful closure of eyelid

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6
Q

enophthalmos defintion

A

globe retracted in orbit

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7
Q

exophthalmos definition

A

globe bulging out

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8
Q

what to check in examination of head, adnexa

A

symmetry
scar
pain
globe size
movement
position
eyelids
conjunctiva
eyelashes
lacrimation, discharge
blepharospasm
enophthalmos
exophthalmos

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9
Q

nictitans definition

A

3rd eyelid

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10
Q

examination of the eye globe

A

OU same size
shape
symmetry
tense
painless
normal optic axis

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11
Q

tests to check in initial exam

A

pupillary light reflex
schirmer tear test
collection of specimens
evaluation of vision
intraocular pressure

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12
Q

normal intraocular pressure value

A

17-28mmHg

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13
Q

normal difference btw the 2 eyes pressure

A

5mmHg

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14
Q

what reduces intraocular pressure

A

xylazine

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15
Q

what does normal intraocular pressure reading depend on

A

time of day
head position

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16
Q

what affects the intraocular pressure

A

blephrospasm
auricopalpebral nerve block
fibrin
oedema

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17
Q

anisocoria definition

A

uneven pupil size

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18
Q

dyscoria definition

A

irregular pupil size

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19
Q

polycoria definition

A

more than 1 pupil in the eye

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20
Q

how to check direct pupillary light reflex

A

shine light into eye
check pupil constriction

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21
Q

how to check indirect/ consensual pupillary light reflex

A

if pupil of affected eye is not visible
direct light into sick eye
check other eye for pupil constriction

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22
Q

where does afferent PLR start

A

at retina –> optic nerve –> chiasma –> optic tract –> lateral geniculatis nucl –> visual cortex –> n. oculomotor

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23
Q

what is the efferent PLR

A

pupil constriction

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24
Q

what cranial nerves are used for vision

A

N. opticus
N. Oculomotorious
N. trochlear
N. trigeminal
N. abducent
N. facial
N. vestibulocochlear

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25
test for N. opticus
vision PLR dazzle reflex menace response
26
test for N. oculomotorius
efferent PLR oblique muscles lateral strabism ptosis mydriasis
27
test for N. trochlear
dorsal oblique muscles
28
test for N. trigeminal - opthalmic
eyelid movement cornea reflex
29
test for N. abducent
lateral retractor muscle
30
test for N. facial
afferent way dazzle menace ptosis eyelid reflex
31
test for N. vestibulocochlear
nystagmus head tilt ataxia
32
what is dazzle reflex
when patient twinkles or blinks when light is directed in eye. indicates retina function
33
how many neurons are required for perfect vision
4
34
neurons required for visula pathway
1. rods & cones in retina 2. bipolar cell 3. ganglion cell 4. neurons in corpus genculatum laterale
35
topical anaesthesia for eye
tetracaine oxibuprocaine proparacaine
36
what to check in anterior section of eye
palpebrae fissure eyelids third eyelid conjunctiva lacrimal system sclera cornea, limbus anterior chamber iris & pupil
37
how to check palpebrae fissure
by inspection ability to open eye
38
normal palpebrae fissure
both eyes should be mid wide symmetrical no discharge small dried up mucus at medial canthus
39
how to examine eyelids
by inspection and palpation
40
normal eyelids
thin skin gently folded fit into globe movement not hampered regular margin gently caved tarsal gland openings seen on lid margin slightly curved ciliae of upper lid directed outward
41
how to examine 3rd eyelid
inspection palpation
42
normal 3rd eyelid
OU fit into globe at medial canthus pigmented free margin palpebral surface is - pale, pink, smooth, shiny, gently vacularised, few lymphoid follicles
43
normal conjunctive
pale pink gently folded covered by tear moistly shining vessels not seen ventral fornix more hyperaemic than superior limited pigmentation in lateral bulbar surface
44
how to check lacrimal system
inspection
45
normal lacrimal system
upper and lower puntas 1-3mm from medial canthus border can be pigmented
46
sclera examination
by inspection elevate superior eyelid
47
normal sclera
covered by conjunctiva smooth whitish without gap/scar
48
what is the limbus
the border between the sclera and cornea
49
how is limbus nourished
by diffusion no blood vessels
50
normal limbus
corneal surface uniformly glistening reflected images are bright and sharp regular in centre cornea spherical transparent blinking reflex
51
what is the ligament at edge of cornea
pectinate lig
52
normal anterior chamber
aqueous humour is clear and transparent corneal precipitate
53
if aqueous humour is turbid could indicate
high protein content or aqueous flare
54
if wbc present in aqueous humour
spots on cornea
55
if fibrin present in anterior chamber
anterior uveitis
56
if blood present in anterior chamber
hyphema
57
hypopion definition
when puss and WBC visible in anterior chamber
58
normal iris
brown or gey gentle circular pattern of surface mid wide centrally place
59
pupil in eq, ru, su
horizontal elliptical
60
pupil in ca
round
61
pupil in fe
perendicular rhomboid
62
normal lens
bright clear regular no opacity
63
1st purkinje fibre
on cornea
64
2 other purkinje fibre
anterior and posterior
65
last purkinje fibres
upside down
66
vitreous body
complete transparent gel btw lens and fundus if you can see retina and fundus clearly, you can say the vitreous body is without opacity
67
whats in the posterior globe
vitreous body and fundus
68
diagnostic imaging of eye
vital staining lacrimal potency US retinoscopy xray, ct, mri elctrography oct - optical coverance tomography
69
fluorescein
confirm cornel ulcer intact membrane = no stain uptake
70
rose bengal stain
when pre corneal tear firm mucin layer is thinner than normal degenerated epithelial cells present on corneal surface KCS
71
function of cornea
refraction protection
72
layers of cornea
outer - epithelium middle - stroma thick basement membrane bottom - aqueous humor and endothelium
73
corneal transparency is due to
no blood or lymph vessels in cornea no keratin in cornea no pigment in cornea tear film microanatomy of stroma
74
diseases of cornea
ulceration melting ulcer
75
**corneal ulceration** types
simple or complicated
76
**corneal ulceration** simple
spf abbreviation and loss of epithelial cells can heal with treatment e.g. dex, hyaluronic acid, dexpanthexol only give steroids if epithelium is intact
77
**corneal ulceration** complicated
high risk of corneal perforation bacteria travel to injury cause inflammatory cells, leukocytes, elastase, collagenase, proteinase sofetning stroma --> melting ulcer
78
what is keratomalatia
if entire cornea is involved AKA melting ulcer
79
if neutrophils are present
infectious keratinitis
80
if lymphocytes/ eosinophils are present
immune mediated keratitis
81
if -ve fluorescin & smooth epithelium
stroma abscess or immune mediated keratitis
82
if rough ocular surface
SCC
83
**melting ulcer**
collagenase enzyme activity digesting stroma
84
**melting ulcer** cause
pseudomonas b hemolytic streoptococcus fusarium aspergillus
85
**melting ulcer** clinical signs
pain, oedema, ulcer, secondary uveitis with myosis and aqueous flare
86
**melting ulcer** diagnosis
slit lamp cytology - neutrophils, IC and EC bacteria
87
**fungal keratitis**
deep groove around lesion extra plaque on surface cant give eyedrops
88
treatment of complicated ulcers
tobramycin gentamycin chloramphenicol natamycin fluconazol collagenase inhibitor atropine flunixin or debridement
89
**immune mediated keratitis** IMML treatment
steroids cyclosporines tacrolimus
90
**eosinophilic keratoconjunctivits**
proliferation or extra tissue treat with debridement and steroids

Equine (25 decks)

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