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CVNT2 > Equine Alimentary Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Alimentary Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the signs of colic?

A 
rolling 
pawing 
flank watching 
lip curling 
(occasionally show signs of abdominal pain when the pain is from another area)
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2
Q

what is involved in clinical examination of suspected colic?

A 
cardiovascular status 
respiratory rate 
temperature 
HCT and TP, lactate 
abdominal exam 
rectal exam 
stomach tubing 
ultrasound 
abdominoparacentesis 
oral exam 
radiography 
faecal examination
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3
Q

what are you looking for during an abdominal exam?

A

auscultation of all 4 quadrants of abdomen

transabdominal ballottement in foals

abdominal distension

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4
Q

what can you feel for during a rectal exam?

A

distension, impaction, displacement

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5
Q

what equipment is required for a rectal examination?

A

rectal sleeve, lubricant

optional sedation/LA/buscopan

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6
Q

why might you need to use stomach tubing?

A

for gastric overfill - occurs mostly in small intestinal obstruction

can administer fluid and medication in appropriate cases

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7
Q

what equipment is required for stomach tubing?

A

stomach tube, 2 buckets (one with water)

funnel, jug

sedation and lube

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of ultrasounds performed with GI upset?

A

rectal or transabdominal

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9
Q

what is abdominoparacentesis?

A

belly tap - obtaining peritoneal fluid

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10
Q

what can abdominoparacentesis help to identify?

A

intestinal damage - blood, WBCs, protein

haemoperitoneum (spleen rupture)

GI rupture

inflammatory/neoplastic cells

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11
Q

what equipment is required for abdominoparacentesis?

A

clippers, scrub, sterile gloves, plain tube and EDTA tube
23g 2 inch needle
OR
teat cannula, 15 blade, sterile swab, 2ml local anaesthetic

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12
Q

what equipment is required for an oral exam?

A 
sedation 
gag
torch
head stand 
flush mouth
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13
Q

what is gastroscopy?

A

visualisation of the oesophagus and stomach using endoscopy

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14
Q

what can gastroscopy help to identify?

A

ulceration, outflow obstruction, impaction

choke

help take biopsy

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15
Q

when might radiography be used?

A

in foals

in suspected sand ingestion in adults

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16
Q

what can be tested from a blood sample?

A 
HCT and total protein 
lactate 
haematology 
biochemistry 
fibrinogen and SAA
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17
Q

how can we assess peritoneal fluid?

A

gross appearance
cytology
protein content (inflammation)

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18
Q

what colour should peritoneal fluid be?

A

yellow/straw coloured and clear

not cloudy or red

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19
Q

what tests can be done on a faecal sample?

A

faecal egg count

culture

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20
Q

when might a glucose absorption test be performed?

A

with suspected small intestinal malabsorption (weight loss, low albumin)

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21
Q

what is the difference between a laparoscopy and a laparotomy?

A 
laparoscopy = small surgical incision 
laparotomy = large surgical incision
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22
Q

what types of dental disease can horses suffer with?

A 
eruption disorders 
dental decay 
periodontal disease 
fractured teeth 
diastema (gaps)
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23
Q

why is tooth removal not typically first line treatment for dental disease in horses?

A

opposite tooth will have nothing to grind against, requires frequent rasping

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24
Q

what are the primary causes of oesophageal obstruction?

A

random, eating too fast, dry concentrate, poor dentition

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25
what are the secondary causes of oesophageal obstruction?
oesophageal damage, masses
26
what are the clinical signs of oesophageal obstruction?
extended neck food/discharge from nose, coughing, gagging dehydration and weight loss (risk of aspiration pneumonia)
27
how is oesophageal obstruction/choke diagnosed?
``` auscultation cardiovascular parameters gastroscopy attempt to pass stomach tube (bloods, ultrasound, radiography) ```
28
what is the treatment for choke?
sedate so head is low to reduce risk of aspiration | stomach tube, lavage obstruction
29
how do you check that choke has been resolved?
check obstruction cleared with gastroscope check no damage to mucosa check trachea with endoscope for aspiration, tracheal wash check for underlying problems
30
what causes gastroduodenal ulceration?
imbalance between inciting and protective factors (inciting factors = HCl, bile acids, pepsin protective factors = mucus-bicarbonate layer, mucosal blood flow)
31
what are the risk factors for gastroduodenal ulceration?
empty stomach, exercise, diet, stress, NSAIDs
32
what are the clinical signs of gastroduodenal ulceration?
usually none | some have poor appetite, recurrent colic, tooth grinding, dog sitting, diarrhoea, poor performance
33
how do you diagnose gastroduodenal ulceration?
gastroscopy
34
how do you treat gastroduodenal ulceration?
depends on cause - mostly involves management adults - omeprazole foals - sucralfate
35
what are the primary causes of gastric dilation and rupture?
gastric impaction, grain engorgement - causes acute or chronic colic
36
what causes secondary gastric dilation and rupture?
small or large intestinal obstruction | ileus (functional obstruction)
37
what are the clinical signs of gastric dilation and rupture?
``` overfilling of stomach acute colic tachycardia fluid from nose dehydration ```
38
how is gastric dilation and rupture diagnosed?
assessment of clinical signs reflux (pass a stomach tube) colic work up gastroscopy
39
how is gastric dilation and rupture treated?
stomach tubing immediately!!! identify and treat underlying cause IV fluids and nutrition, electrolytes
40
what is anterior enteritis?
inflammatory condition affecting the proximal small intestine
41
what causes anterior enteritis?
mostly unknown aetiology some caused by Salmonella or Clostridia recent diet change to high concentrate is a risk factor
42
what is the pathophysiology of anterior enteritis?
hypersecretion and functional ileus of proximal SI | leading to distended stomach and SI
43
what are the clinical signs of anterior enteritis?
``` overfilling of stomach acute colic tachycardia fluid from nose dehydration often pyrexic ```
44
how is anterior enteritis diagnosed?
belly tap shows raised protein but not serosangiunous reflux and culture often need ex-lap
45
what is the differential diagnosis for anterior enteritis?
physical SI obstruction
46
how is anterior enteritis treated?
repeated gastric decompression (every 2 hours) antibiotics (penicillin, metronidazole) IV fluid, electrolytes, nutritional support analgesia
47
what are the clinical signs of malabsorption/maldigestion?
weight loss
48
what can cause malabsorption/maldigestion?
a number of inflammatory type diseases | lymphosarcoma
49
how is malabsorption/maldigestion diagnosed?
abdominoparacentesis ultrasound oral glucose tolerance test laparoscopic biopsy
50
what is the treatment for malabsorption/maldigestion?
depends on diagnosis resection, corticosteroids? may be no treatment
51
what is a simple SI obstruction?
obstruction of intestinal lumen without direct obstruction of vascular flow
52
what causes simple SI obstruction?
coarse food material ileal hypertrophy (usually secondary to tapeworm) ascarid impaction (worms) adhesions
53
what is strangulation of the SI?
simultaneous occlusion of the intestinal lumen and its blood supply
54
what are the possible causes of SI strangulation?
pedunculated lipoma epiploic foramen entrapment SI volvulus mesenteric rent inguinal/diaphragmatic hernia intussusception
55
what can SI obstruction lead to?
``` results in gastric overfilling - risk rupture deterioration of intestinal mucosa intestine dies sepsis endotoxaemia ```
56
what are the clinical signs of SI obstruction?
``` colic reflux tachycardia hypovolaemia rectal - distended small intestine serosanguinous peritoneal fluid ```
57
how is SI obstruction treated?
surgery or euthanasia - must act fast if surgery | will rarely clear by self
58
what is the long-term prognosis for colic surgery?
60-70%
59
what causes primary caecal obstruction?
underlying motility disorder
60
what causes secondary caecal obstruction?
usually in young horses after painful orthopaedic procedures
61
what are the clinical signs of caecal impaction?
colic | can just rupture - signs of severe shock, death
62
how is caecal impaction diagnosed?
assume caecal impaction unless proven otherwise clinical signs and history rectal exam abdominoparacentesis
63
how is caecal impaction treated?
oral and IV fluids | surgery - typhlotomy or caecal bypass (only if don't respond to medical management)
64
what is the prognosis for caecal impaction?
90% success - most respond to medical management if caught early
65
what is caecal intussusception?
telescoping of the ileum into the caecum/caecum into itself
66
what are the clinical signs of caecal intussusception?
colic - varying severity, can be chronic
67
how is caecal intussusception diagnosed?
rectal exam | ultrasound
68
how is caecal intussusception treated?
surgery | then treat tapeworm (likely cause)
69
what are the 2 types of large intestinal obstruction?
simple - impaction, displacement | strangulating - torsion
70
at what part of the LI does impaction usually occur?
pelvic flexure
71
what are the risk factors for LI impaction?
``` poor teeth long fibre motility disorders recent box rest sand ingestion ```
72
what are the clinical signs of LI impaction?
usually mild colic, can be chronic | reduced faecal output
73
how is LI impaction diagnosed?
rectal examination
74
how is LI impaction treated?
oral fluids and cathartics analgesia paraffin and IV fluids (preference) eventually surgery if does not resolve
75
are pro-motlity drugs helpful in treatment of LI impaction?
no - avoid, can burst gut
76
what types of LI displacement can occur?
right dorsal left dorsal nephrosplenic surgery
77
how is LI displacement diagnosed?
rectal exam ultrasound abdominoparacentesis
78
how is LI displacement treated?
medically if not too painful and no evidence of gut damage - oral and IV fluids, analgesia, phenylephrine and lunging surgery if gut damage/painful/persistent
79
what is LI torsion?
strangulating lesion of the LI
80
what are the the clinical signs of LI torsion?
extreme pain distended abdomen respiratory compromise
81
how is LI torsion diagnosed?
rectal exam - will be able to insert very little due to gas
82
how is LI torsion treated?
immediate surgery - emergency
83
what is the prognosis for LI torsion?
depends on damage to the LI | risks recurrence
84
what are the inflammatory causes of acute diarrhoea?
``` usually infection (salmonellosis, clostridiosis, colitis, parasites) neoplasia ```
85
what are the non-inflammatory causes of acute diarrhoea?
``` excitement management change food hypersensitivity toxicity iatrogenic purges ```
86
how is the cause of diarrhoea assessed?
``` cardiovascular parameters rectal exam ultrasound abdominoparacentesis rectal biopsy faecal egg count and culture ```
87
how is diarrhoea treated?
hydration, electrolytes anti-endotoxins, antibiotics (if required) laminitis prevention treat underlying cause nursing care important!! clean them, hand feed treats, brush hair
88
how can peritonitis be diagnosed and treated?
presents with pyrexia and mild colic diagnosed with abdominoparacentesis treated with antibiotics or surgery if persistent/recurrent

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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