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CVNT2 > Vaccination/Imported Diseases > Flashcards

Vaccination/Imported Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Why should we vaccinate pets?

A

Protection from life-threatening disease
Protection for the individual animal
Protection for the animal population - herd immunity
Human protection from zoonotic disease

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2
Q

What are ‘nosodes’?

A

Oral homeopathic agents which claim to help prevent disease but have limited scientific basis

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3
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A substance that is administered in order to stimulate an immune response and immunological memory in the host, against a particular disease

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4
Q

What does immunity mean?

A

Protection (from a disease)

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5
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Immunity which is acquired through vaccination

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6
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity acquired through maternally derived antibody (colostrum)

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance which your immune system produces antibodies against - the active component of a vaccine

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8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

An immunoglobulin (specialised protein) that is part of the specific immune attack against a specific pathogen

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9
Q

What is serology?

A

A blood test to measure the level of antibodies in the blood (against a specific organism)

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10
Q

Why is serology not always an accurate indicator of infection?

A

In some diseases, mucosal immunity and cell-mediated immunity are more important (but more difficult to measure)

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11
Q

What is the titre of an antibody?

A

The level of antibody in the blood (numerical)

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12
Q

What is a ‘live/modified live/live attenuated’ vaccine and what does it contain?

A

An infectious vaccine - contains modified/attenuated whole organism of the disease you are vaccinating against

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13
Q

How do infectious/live vaccines work?

A

Circulates, infects and replicates in cells of the body to cause a low-level infection which causes a strong immune response

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14
Q

What is a non-infectious vaccine and what does it contain?

A

Killed/inactivated vaccine - contains the whole organism but it is killed and inert

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15
Q

Can inactivated vaccines cause infection?

A

No - requires adjuvants to stimulate an immune response

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16
Q

Which type of vaccine must be administered more regularly? Why?

A

Inactivated vaccines - stimulate less of an immune response so require boosters more often

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17
Q

Where are most vaccines stored?

A

Refrigerated 2-8°C, but not necessarily given at that temperature

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18
Q

What routes are used for administering vaccines?

A

Subcutaneously (common)
Intra-nasally
Intra-muscularly
Orally

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19
Q

What are the core canine vaccinations in the UK?

A

Distemper - MLV
Hepatitis - MLV
Parvovirus - MLV
Leptospira spp. - inactivated

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20
Q

Why (ideally) should a puppy’s last vaccinations be given no earlier than 16 weeks?

A

It won’t cause a large enough immune response because levels of maternal antibody may still be too high

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21
Q

When are puppy vaccinations typically given in practice?

A

6-8 weeks and 10-12 weeks

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22
Q

Why is the timing of the leptospirosis vaccine/booster administration less strict in terms of puppy age?

A

No concerns about maternal antibodies - not passed very well vertically

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of leptospirosis vaccine?

A

L2 and L4

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24
Q

What are the 2 subspecies of leptospirosis that are always in the L2 vaccine?

A

L. icterohaemorrhagiae

L. canicola

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25
How often are adult dogs given vaccinations/boosters?
First annual vaccination at 12 months CDV/CAV-2/CPV-2 given every 3 years Leptospirosis given annually
26
What are some of the non-core vaccinations for dogs?
``` Kennel cough (intranasal) Canine parainfluenza Canine herpes virus (breeders) Coronavirus (kennels) Rabies (travel) ```
27
What are the core feline vaccinations in the UK?
Feline herpes virus - MLV Feline calicivirus - MLV Feline panleukopenia virus - MLV Feline leukaemia virus (recombinant/killed)- technically non-core but given commonly due to severity of disease if acquired
28
When are kitten vaccinations ideally given (according to the WSAVA)?
Initial at 6-8 weeks, then q2-4 weeks until 16 weeks
29
When are kitten vaccinations typically given in practice?
First at 8-9 weeks | Second 3-4 weeks later (no earlier than 12 weeks)
30
How often are adult cats given vaccinations/boosters?
First annual vaccination at 12 months FHV-1/FCV annually FPV every 3 years
31
What are some of the non-core vaccinations for cats?
``` Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) FIV Chlamydia felis Bordetella bronchiseptica Feline coronavirus Rabies (travel) ```
32
Can dogs/cats be vaccinated during pregnancy?
Yes, but only with killed/inactivated vaccines | Timing often important
33
What is involved in a mild adverse event to a vaccine?
Transient pyrexia, lethargy, inappetence, local swelling for 2-3 days post-vaccination
34
What is involved in a severe adverse event to a vaccine?
Anaphylaxis | Feline injection site sarcoma
35
Are there any times we shouldn't vaccinate?
Drugs - steroids, immunosuppressants Robust evidence of prior vaccination reaction If animal is already infected with the disease If the animal has already recovered from natural infection with the disease (lifelong immunity)
36
What is aim of the UK PETS travel scheme?
To protect the UK from imported diseases
37
What the general requirements set by PETS regarding international travel of animals?
All pets need: Pet passport Microchipping (before/with rabies vaccination) Vaccination against rabies (minimum age 12 weeks) Travel using an approved transport company on an authorised route
38
What are the rabies requirements for UK entry from the EU/a listed 3rd country?
Rabies vaccination Wait 21 days Entry into UK allowed
39
What are the rabies requirements for UK entry from a non-listed 3rd country?
Rabies vaccination >30 days later blood sample to check rabies Ab levels Wait 3 months after blood sample Entry into UK allowed
40
What are the tapeworm requirements for entry into the UK?
Requirement for dogs to have tapeworm treatment 1-5 days before return to UK, must be administered by a vet Praziquantel most common
41
What management methods are available for ticks?
Daily check and remove Long-acting collars Spot-on products Long-lasting oral tablets (1-3 months)
42
What management methods are available for flies/mosquitoes?
House indoors during dawn/dusk Fine mesh screens Insect repellents Spot-on products and collars (fleas)
43
What is leishmaniosis?
Intracellular protozoan parasite causing multi-systemic disease
44
How is leishmaniosis transmitted?
Vector-borne disease (sandflies) in travelled pets
45
How long is the incubation period for leishmaniosis?
Multiple years - very long
46
Is leishmaniosis zoonotic?
Yes
47
What are the typical clinical findings with leishmaniosis infection?
``` Patchy alopecia Crusting lesions and ulceration (non-pruritic) Inflammatory eye changes Lethargy, inappetence, pyrexia Enlarged lymph nodes and spleen ```
48
What are the possible secondary complications of leishmaniosis infection?
Kidney disease Joint disease Eye disease Any organ can be affected
49
What is a subclinical leishmaniosis infection?
Dog is acting as a chronic disease reservoir but appears healthy
50
How is leishmania diagnosed?
Cytology - lymph node aspirates and conjunctival swabs PCR on cytology samples Serology indicates exposure/prior vaccination
51
How is leishmania treated?
Daily meglumine antimonate (SQ) or miltefosine (oral liquid) for first month AND Allopurinol (daily tablets) for 6-12 months
52
How can leishmania be prevented?
Don't travel pets Sandfly control Leisguard Vaccination (uncommon)
53
What are the 3 most common tick-borne diseases of travelled dogs?
Babesia spp. Ehrlichia spp. Anaplasma spp.
54
What are the clinical signs of Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection?
Ranges from asymptomatic carriage to severe clinical disease Pancytopenia Severe, multi-systemic disease
55
How is Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection diagnosed?
Cytology PCR Serology - in-clinic ELISA test (SNAP 4DX)
56
What is the treatment for Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection?
Doxycycline (2-4 weeks) | Tick control
57
What is the prognosis for Anaplasma/Erhlichia spp. infection?
Good prognosis for Anaplasma | Guarded prognosis for Ehrlichia
58
What type of infection does Babesia spp. cause?
Intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite - ranges from subclinical to severe acute life-limiting illness
59
How is Babesia spp. transmitted?
Tick-borne | +/- iatrogenic (transfusions), dog fighting
60
What are the clinical features of Babesiosis?
Cats rarely affected Dogs - haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopaenia, splenomegaly Multi-organ failure and death
61
How is Babesiosis diagnosed?
Cytology (poor sensitivity) PCR Serology
62
How is Babesiosis treated?
Drug of choice depends on Babesia subspecies | +/- supportive management
63
What is dirofilariasis?
Heartworm infection - disease of the right side of the heart (primarily pulmonary arteries)
64
What is the pathogenesis of dirofilariasis (heartworm)?
L1 stage picked up by mosquito from blood of infected dog Matures L1 > L2 > L3 in mosquito L3 infective to new dogs Matures L3 > L4 > L5 in dog before vascular migration where it can be picked up again by mosquito
65
What is the adult lifespan of heartworm?
5-7 years
66
What are the symptoms of heartworm infection?
(Can be asymptomatic for many months depending on severity) Exercise intolerance Coughing/tachypnoea/dyspnoea/lethargy Eventually leads to right-sided heart failure Cable syndrome - fluid accumulation in head/face
67
How is heartworm diagnosed?
Microfilarial (L1) detection in blood smears ELISA (snap 4DX) for adult female Ag Imaging - chest x-rays, ECG
68
What is the treatment for heartworm?
Requires specialist veterinary cardiologist Drugs to kill adult worms (L5) and microfilariae (L1) Surgical retrieval and removal
69
How can heartworm infection be prevented?
Monthly tablet prevention in endemic countries arrests L3 > L4 development - start 1 month before travel Mosquito management
70
What is the greatest risk to life with a heartworm infection?
High risk of thromboembolic events - makes animal more prone to developing blood clots

CVNT2 (47 decks)

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